The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity
Abstract
A positive slope of the yield curve is associated with a future increase in real economic activity: consumption (nondurables plus services), consumer durables, and investment. It has extra predictive power over the index of leading indicators, real short‐term interest rates, lagged growth in economic activity, and lagged rates of inflation. It outperforms survey forecasts, both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample. Historically, the information in the slope reflected, inter alia, factors that were independent of monetary policy, and thus the slope could have provided useful information both to private investors and to policy makers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Newey, W. K., & West, K. D. (1987) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913610 · Cited by 16,936
A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and AutocorrelationConsistent Covariance Matrix
Newey, W., & West, K. (1986) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/t0055 · Cited by 12,278
Econometric policy evaluation: A critique
Lucas, R. E. (1976) · Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy · doi:10.1016/s0167-2231(76)80003-6 · Cited by 6,110
The theory and practice of econometrics
(1986) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/0164-0704(86)90027-3 · Cited by 4,342
Forward Exchange Rates as Optimal Predictors of Future Spot Rates: An Econometric Analysis
Hansen, L. P., & Hodrick, R. J. (1980) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260910 · Cited by 2,111
Cointegration and Tests of Present Value Models
Campbell, J. Y., & Shiller, R. J. (1987) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261502 · Cited by 2,102
Common Factors Affecting Bond Returns
Litterman, R. B., & Scheinkman, J. (1991) · The Journal of Fixed Income · doi:10.3905/jfi.1991.692347 · Cited by 1,789
The Information in Long-Maturity Forward Rates
Fama, E. F., & Bliss, R. R. (1987) · American Economic Review · Cited by 1,478
How Big Is the Random Walk in GNP?
Cochrane, J. H. (1988) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261569 · Cited by 1,258
NBER macroeconomics annual 1987
(1989) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/0164-0704(89)90056-6 · Cited by 917
Cited by
Credit spreads and business cycle fluctuations
Gilchrist, S., & Zakrajšek, E. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.4.1692 · Cited by 2,213
Production‐Based Asset Pricing and the Link Between Stock Returns and Economic Fluctuations
COCHRANE, J. H. (1991) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03750.x · Cited by 1,123
Forecasting Output and Inflation: The Role of Asset Prices
Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2003) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/002205103322436197 · Cited by 1,076
Asset pricing in production economies
Jermann, U. J. (1998) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-3932(97)00078-0 · Cited by 1,074
What does the yield curve tell us about GDP growth?
Ang, A., Piazzesi, M., & Wei, M. (2006) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.01.032 · Cited by 800
Metadata
- Authors
- ESTRELLA, A., & HARDOUVELIS, G. A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Finance
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 555-576
- ISSN
- 0022-1082 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-6261
- OpenAlex
- W2136241359
- Cited by
- 1,738
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 52.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb02674.x
- The paper
- ESTRELLA, A., & HARDOUVELIS, G. A. (1991). The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity. The Journal of Finance. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb02674.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.