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Why Are Siblings So Different? The Significance of Differences in Sibling Experiences Within the Family
Abstract
Siblings, who are 50% similar genetically and grow up within the same family, nevertheless differ markedly in personality and psychopathology, and most of these sibling differences cannot be explained by genetic factors. These findings from the field of behavioral genetics imply that within-family processes that lead to sibling differences, called nonshared environment, are crucial for understanding environmental influences on individual development. Such nonshared environmental influences cannot be identified by the conventional strategy of comparing one child per family on a family-by-family basis; what is needed are studies of siblings that focus on why they are so different. The implications of these findings for investigating family process are outlined, and research is reviewed that explores the extent to which siblings in a family have different experiences, and that begins to assess links between such differential experiences and developmental outcomes.
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“Further, from a behavioral genetics perspective [169], children raised in the same household have shared and non-shared experiences and biological vulnerabilities (genetic predispositions) that are important considerations in understanding the consequences of parentification.”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [169]
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“But for both tasks it is essential to deal with the implications of the findings from behavioural genetic studies that siblings often have different experiences of their parents (Caspi et al., 2004; Daniels and Plomin, 1985; Dunn and Plomin, 1991).”
BackgroundMorrill, M. (2014) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9571-4 · Cited by 68
“These factors must be taken seriously in order to confront sibling sexual abuse effectively (Ammerman and Surv sexual sib abuse (CTS_SSEX) -1.427 0.435 -0.206 -3.382*** 0.79 *p≤.10 ** p≤.05 *** p≤.01 Hersen 1991; Dunn and Plomin 1991; Johnston and Freeman 1989; Wiehe 1998).”
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“The extent to which siblings' environmental factors are seen as similar is therefore negligible (Dunn & Plomin, 1991; Rowe & Plomin, 1981).”
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“Evidence from social science research suggests that children within the same family can experience a non-shared home environment and dissimilar parenting behavior (Dunn & Plomin, 1991; Hotz & Pantano, 2013; Kidwell, 1981).”
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“The approach was similar to those that have been used by developmental psychologists such as Dunn and colleagues (Dunn & Plomin 1991) and McHale and colleagues (McHale et al. 2000) in studying within-family differences in earlier stages of the life course.”
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“Our research design cannot exclude the possible role of parental education on native immigrants, however, many studies have found minimal evidence for the role of parental education on personality development (Dunn & Plomin, 1991; Krueger, 2000; Turkheimer, 2000).”
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BackgroundDead or Alive? Knowledge about a Sibling's Death Varies by Genetic Relatedness in a Modern Society
Pollet, T. V., & Nettle, D. (2009) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470490900700108 · Cited by 4
“With regards to the study of siblings, evolutionists have mainly focussed on sibling rivalry (Sulloway, 1996, 2001), sibling differentiation (Dunn and Plomin, 1991; Plomin and Daniels, 1987) and cues to incest avoidance (Bevc and Silverman, 1993, 2000; Lieberman, Tooby, and Cosmides, 2003; Fessler…”
BackgroundBenson, M. J. (1992) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679204500904 · Cited by 4
Faux, S. A. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 4
The Importance of Being Siblings
de Bernart, R. (2018) · European Family Therapy Association series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78521-9_6 · Cited by 3
A Death in the Family: Links between Religion, Parenting, and Family Communication about Death
Zajac, L. A., & Boyatzis, C. J. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14020254 · Cited by 3
Sibling Relationship Predictors of Academic Achievement in Adolescents
Dagys, N. (2013) · Cited by 3
New branches on the Tree of Knowledge. Challenges for systemic family therapists
Johnsen, A. (2007) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2007.00376.x · Cited by 3
Kothari, B. H. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.49 · Cited by 3
“Research has revealed that children in the same family do have different experiences and their behavior can be significantly different from one another (Dunn & Plomin, 1991; Plomin & Daniels, 1987).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Behavioral Genetics
O’Connor, T. G. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_13 · Cited by 1
Lupo, F. (2021) · Cited by 2
Steinbach, A., & Hank, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35219-6_17 · Cited by 1
Quality Of Sibling Relationship And Psychological Well-Being In Adults: Impact Of Sibling Dyad
D’Silva, J., Viegas, V., & Henriques, J. (2023) · Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities · doi:10.53555/jrtdd.v6i10s(2).2506 · Cited by 1
Perkins, N. H., Kim, R., & Shadik, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00646-1 · Cited by 1
“Frequency of differently (Dunn & Plomin, 1991), further research is needed to examine similarities and discrepancies in the frequency of violence experienced with a sibling in childhood, how each sibling is impacted by the violence, and its impact on sibling relationship quality at different times…”
Metadata
- Authors
- DUNN, J., & PLOMIN, R.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- PLOMIN, ROBERT
- Venue
- Family Process
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1991-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 271-283
- ISSN
- 0014-7370 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-5300
- OpenAlex
- W2134397000
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Family Process (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r03mh046535-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH46535-01)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 10333, HD23158, R01HD010333)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- sibling differences, nonshared environment, siblings' experiences, personality development, psychopathology, behavioral genetics, environmental influences on development
- MeSH terms
- Family, Genetics, Behavioral, Humans, Individuality, Parent-Child Relations, Research, Sibling Relations, Social Environment
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