Family Connections: A Program for Relatives of Persons With Borderline Personality Disorder
Open accessAbstract
This study assessed changes in family members who participated in Family Connections, a 12‐week manualized education program for relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Family Connections, led by trained family members, is based on the strategies of standard Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and DBT for families. The program provides (a) current information and research on BPD, (b) coping skills, (c) family skills, and (d) opportunities to build a support network for family members. Forty‐four participants representing 34 families completed the pre‐, post‐, and 6‐month postbaseline self‐report questionnaires. Analyses employing hierarchical linear modeling strategies showed significant reductions in grief and burden, and a significant increase in mastery from pre‐ to post‐group assessment. Changes were maintained at 6 months post baseline.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Family members of people with mental disorder have risk of depression, emotional burden, grief, and isolation.
“Los familiares de personas con un trastorno mental tienen riesgo de padecer depresión, sobrecarga emocional, duelo y aislamiento (Greenberg, Seltzer, y Greenley, 1993;Hoffman et al., 2005).”
From Efectividad y aceptabilidad del entrenamiento en habilidades de la terapia dialéctica comportamental para familiares de personas con trastorno de personalidad límite (2019) · cites this paper as Hoffman et al., 2005
The Introduction reports burden, depression, loss, and grief among relatives of people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The Discussion also says these family members frequently report feeling isolated. The cited paper supports the listed experiences for relatives of people with BPD, but the claim extends them to relatives of people with mental disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFamily members of people with BPD have more risk of suffering from psychological problems.
“Despite family members of people with BPD having more risk of suffering from psychological problems, there are no empirically-validated interventions for this population.”
From Efectividad y aceptabilidad del entrenamiento en habilidades de la terapia dialéctica comportamental para familiares de personas con trastorno de personalidad límite (2019) · cites this paper as Hoffman et al., 2005
The Introduction says family members of people with BPD often experience depression, grief, burden, and other distress. It does not establish that they have a higher risk of psychological problems than a comparison group. The Introduction also says that no standardized programs to alleviate the impact on relatives had been evaluated. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPilot studies evaluating FC indicate improvements in grief, emotional burden, psychological well-being, and self-efficacy of family members after receiving the program.
“Los estudios piloto que han evaluado el programa FC® indican mejorías en el duelo (i.e., las experiencias cognitivas, emocionales y psicológicas como tristeza, dolor y pérdida asociadas a tener un familiar con trastorno mental; Hoffman, 2005, p. 220), la sobrecarga emocional, el bienestar psicológico y la autoeficacia de los familiares tras recibir el programa (Hoffman et al., 2005;Hoffman et al.,”
From Efectividad y aceptabilidad del entrenamiento en habilidades de la terapia dialéctica comportamental para familiares de personas con trastorno de personalidad límite (2019) · cites this paper as Hoffman et al., 2005
El resultado de un tamaño del efecto grande en agotamiento emocional es alentador, va en la línea de previas investigaciones que evaluaron el programa FC y sugiere que incluir componentes específicos para las relaciones familiares podría disminuir la sobrecarga emocional del cuidador.
“Este resultado es alentador, ya que va en la línea de previas investigaciones que evaluaron el programa FC (Flynn et al., 2017;Hoffman et al., 2005;Hoffman, et al., 2007;Rajalin et al., 2009) y sugiere que incluir componentes específicos para las relaciones familiares podría disminuir la sobrecarga emocional del cuidador.”
From Efectividad y aceptabilidad del entrenamiento en habilidades de la terapia dialéctica comportamental para familiares de personas con trastorno de personalidad límite (2019) · cites this paper as Hoffman et al., 2005
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,491 · see citing works
Multiple-Family Groups and Psychoeducation in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
McFarlane, W. R. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950200069016 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Burden assessment scale for families of the seriously mentally ill
Reinhard, S. C., Gubman, G. D., Horwitz, A. V., & Minsky, S. K. (1994) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(94)90004-3 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Multifamily Groups in the Treatment of Severe Psychiatric Disorders
Allen, J. (2003) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp.6.10.28.s27 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Family Management in the Prevention of Morbidity of Schizophrenia: The Adjustment of the Family Unit
Falloon, I. R. H., & Pederson, J. (1985) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.147.2.156 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Treating difficult couples: Helping clients with coexisting mental and relationship disorders.
Snyder, D. K., & Whisman, M. A. (2003) · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of the Family-to-Family Education Program
Dixon, L. B., Stewart, B., Burland, J., Delahanty, J. C., Lucksted, A. A., & Hoffman, M. A. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.7.965 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Hoffman, P. D., Buteau, E., Hooley, J. M., Fruzzetti, A. E., & BRUCE, M. L. (2003) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00469.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationDialectical Behavior Therapy ‐ Family Skills Training
Hoffman, P. D., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Swenson, C. R. (1999) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1999.00399.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily Therapy and Mental Health: Innovations in Theory and Practice
Macfarlane, M. M. (2001) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Miklowitz, D. J., Wendel, J. S., & Simoneau, T. L. (1998) · In Session Psychotherapy in Practice · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6572(199823)4:3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 12 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder. (2002). From Research to Community. Breakout Proceedings Conference of the National Education Alliance for Borderline Per- sonality Disorder and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
- Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder. (2003). BPD and Co-occurring Dis- orders. Conference of the National Education Alliance for Borderline Personality Disorder and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY.
- Harman, M.J., & Walso, M. (2001). Family treatment of borderline personality disorder through relationship enhancement therapy. In M.M. MacFarlane (Ed.), Family therapy and mental health: Innovations in theory and practice (pp. 215-235). New York: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.
- Hoffman, P.D., & Fruzzetti, A.E. (2005). Psychoeducation. In J.M. Oldham, A. Skodol, & D. Bender (Eds.), Textbook of personality disorders (pp. 375-385). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Hoffman, P.D., & Hooley, J.M. (1998). Expressed emotion and treatment of borderline per- sonality disorder. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 4(3), 39-54.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Expressed Emotion and Relapse of Psychopathology
Hooley, J. M. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095236 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder
Gunderson, J. G., Herpertz, S. C., Skodol, A. E., Torgersen, S. O., & Zanarini, M. C. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.29 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Borderline Personality Disorder
Gunderson, J. G. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1007358 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Choi-Kain, L. W., Albert, E. B., & Gunderson, J. G. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000113 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Stepp, S. D., Whalen, D. J., Pilkonis, P. A., Hipwell, A. E., & Levine, M. D. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0023081 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
What makes mental health and substance use services youth friendly? A scoping review of literature
Hawke, L. D., Mehra, K., Settipani, C., Relihan, J., Darnay, K., Chaim, G., & Henderson, J. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4066-5 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Burden and Support Needs of Carers of Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Bailey, R. C., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2013) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0b013e3182a75c2c · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the majority of identified carers in the included studies have been parents (and specifically mothers) to female daughters with BPD.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHoffman, P. D., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Buteau, E. (2007) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230601182052 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, K., Garisch, J. A., Kingi, T., Brocklesby, M., O’Connell, A., Langlands, R. L., Russell, L., & Wilson, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0450-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Validation and emotional acceptance are key components of Family Connections groups, associated with Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (Linehan 1993), run for family members of people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD; presentations include NSSI and emotion dysregulation), including parents of youth who have BPD t…”
BackgroundHenderson, J. L., Cheung, A., Cleverley, K., Chaim, G., Moretti, M. E., de Oliveira, C., Hawke, L. D., Willan, A. R., O'Brien, D., Heffernan, O., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014080 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Family-focused applications of DBT have also demonstrated substantial benefits.(18) Peer support, which was identified as a priority in our recent review of youth mental health services in Ontario,(22) has been shown to increase a sense of hope, empowerment and social functioning, while reducing stigma and possibly ev…”
Supporting a Person With Personality Disorder: A Study of Carer Burden and Well-Being
Bailey, R. C., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2014) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_136 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hansen, E., Lundh, L., Homman, A., & Wångby‐Lundh, M. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802383230 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…measures of well-being (psychopathology and quality of life) and (b) study mindfulness skills in a sample who participated in an educational programme (FC; Hoffman et al., 2005) for close relatives of persons with BPD and investigate possible changes on the KIMS after taking part in this programme.”
BackgroundMethodBATEMAN, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2018) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000298 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Dialectical Behavior Therapy-Based Skills Training for Family Members of Suicide Attempters
Rajalin, M., Wickholm-Pethrus, L., Hursti, T. J., & Jokinen, J. (2009) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110903044401 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“This finding is in line with the results of Hoffman et al. (2005, 2007).”
BackgroundResultParis, J. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153457 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Flynn, D., Kells, M., Joyce, M., Corcoran, P., Herley, S., Suarez, C., Cotter, P., Hurley, J., Weihrauch, M., & Groeger, J. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0069-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A Cultural Adaptation of Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Nepal
Ramaiya, M., Fiorillo, D., Regmi, U., Robins, C. J., & Kohrt, B. A. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.12.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and Perceptions of Hostile and Constructive Criticism in Romantic Relationships.
Klein, S. R., Renshaw, K. D., & Curby, T. W. (2016) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.007 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…in distress (Peterson, Eifert, Feingold, & Davidson, 2009), couples or families with a member with borderline personality disorder (e.g., Fruzzetti& Fruzzetti, 2003; Fruzzetti & Hoffman, 2004; Hoffman et al., 2005), and couples with chronic emotion dysregulation more broadly (Kirby & Baucom, 2007).”
BackgroundGrenyer, B. F. S., Bailey, R. C., Lewis, K. L., Matthias, M., Garretty, T., & Bickerton, A. (2018) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2018_32_340 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…on dialectial behavior therapy (DBT) have been described in the literature: DBT Family Skills Training (DBT-FST; Ekdahl, Idvall, & Per-seius, 2014; Hoffman, Fruzzetti, & Swenson, 1999) and Family Connections (Hoffman et al., 2007; Hoffman et al., 2005; Krawitz, Reeve, Hoffman, & Fruzzetti, 2016).”
Gratz, K. L., Moore, K. E., & Tull, M. T. (2016) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000198 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lohman, M. C., Whiteman, K. L., Yeomans, F. E., Cherico, S. A., & Christ, W. R. (2016) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600108 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Guillén, V., Díaz‐García, A., Mira, A., García‐Palacios, A., Escrivá‐Martínez, T., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2020) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12537 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“The rest of the programmes, despite containing some psychoeducation sessions, are skills training programmes, either based on mentalization (Bateman & Fonagy, 2018) or on DBT skills (Hoffman et al., 2005, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThematic review of family therapy journals in 2013
Carr, A. (2014) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12061 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Hoffman et al. (2005) evaluated a twelve-week multi-family psychoeducational programme for forty-four relatives of thirty-four persons with borderline personality disorder.”
BackgroundGratz, K. L., Kiel, E. J., Latzman, R. D., Elkin, T. D., Moore, S. A., & Tull, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2014.28.1.52 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“In addition to the individual dysfunction and personal costs associated with this disorder, BPD is associated with substantial economic and societal costs (van Asselt, Dirksen, Arntz, & Severens, 2007), as well as negative consequences for family members and loved ones (Hoffman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundGatekeeper training for friends and family of individuals at risk of suicide: a systematic review
Morton, M., Wang, S., Tse, K., Chung, C., Bergmans, Y., Ceniti, A., Flam, S., Johannes, R., Schade, K., Terah, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22624 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Liljedahl, S. I., Kleindienst, N., Wångby‐Lundh, M., Lundh, L., Daukantaité, D., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Westling, S. (2019) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0111-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationPearce, J., Jovev, M., Hulbert, C. A., McKechnie, B., McCutcheon, L., Betts, J. K., & Chanen, A. M. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0056-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“ing’ (DBT-FST) [17, 18], ‘Family Connections’ [19], and ‘Staying Connected when Emotions Run High’ [20].”
BackgroundInfluentialButeau, E., Dawkins, K., & Hoffman, P. (2008) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1300/j200v06n01_16 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA DBT Skills Training Group for Family Caregivers of Persons With Dementia
Drossel, C., Fisher, J. E., & Mercer, V. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.06.001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Secondly, adaptations of DBT Skills for perpetrators of intimate partner violence and for families of individuals with diagnoses of chronic mental illness have been empirically investigated and found efficacious (Evershed et al., 2003; Hoffman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPathological Narcissism: A Study of Burden on Partners and Family
Day, N. J. S., Bourke, M. E., Townsend, M. L., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_413 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Advances in interventions for families with a relative with a personality disorder diagnosis
Hoffman, P. D., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2007) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-007-0012-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationFostering Validating Responses in Families
Fruzzetti, A. E., & Shenk, C. (2008) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1300/j200v06n01_17 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Thus, it is no surprise that family members of people with BPD also report high levels of distress, depression, grief, and burden (Hoffman et al., 2005) and that their family interactions are also distressed (Shenk & Fruzzetti, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLamont, E., & Dickens, G. L. (2019) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2019.1608923 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gillespie, C., Joyce, M., Flynn, D., & Corcoran, P. E. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12325 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A review of the empirical evidence for DBT skills training as a stand-alone intervention
Valentine, S. E., Smith, A. M., & Stewart, K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816384-9.00015-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wilks, C. R., Valenstein-Mah, H., Tran, H., King, A. M. M., Lungu, A., & Linehan, M. M. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.06.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
What Must You Know and Do to Get Good Outcomes With DBT?
Koerner, K. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Hoffman and colleagues (Hoffman et al., 2005; Hoffman, Fruzzetti, & Buteau, 2007) have shown that the Family Connections program, which emphasizes teaching family members validation and self-validation skills, has positive impacts on both families and a family member with BPD.”
BackgroundBorderline Personality Disorder
Gunderson, J. G., Weinberg, I., & Choi-Kain, L. W. (2013) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.129 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sutherland, R., Baker, J. A., & Prince, S. (2019) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1473 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gratz, K. L., Weiss, N. H., McDermott, M. J., DiLillo, D., Messman‐Moore, T. L., & Tull, M. T. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_252 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…and emotional consequences of BPD are well documented (e.g., Clifton, Pilkonis, & McCarty, 2007; Gratz et al., 2014; Herr, Hammen, & Brennan, 2008; Hoffman et al., 2005; Rosenthal et al., 2008), less is known about the physical health consequences of BPD or the extent to which BPD symptoms…”
BackgroundFlynn, D., Kells, M., Joyce, M., Corcoran, P. E., Gillespie, C., Suarez, C., Weihrauch, M., & Cotter, P. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0070-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Family Skills Training in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy: The Experience of the Significant Others
Ekdahl, S., Idvall, E., & Perseius, K. (2014) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2014.03.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Seigerman, M., Betts, J. K., Hulbert, C. A., McKechnie, B., Rayner, V., Jovev, M., Cotton, S., McCutcheon, L., McNab, C., Burke, E., et al. (2020) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-020-00128-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Modifying Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Deaf Individuals
O’Hearn, A., & Pollard, R. Q. (2008) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.02.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Family skills: A naturalistic pilot study of a family-oriented dialectical behavior therapy program.
Miller, M. L., & Skerven, K. (2017) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000076 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Family members may blame themselves for their relative’s illness or for not being able to do more to help (Giffin, 2008; Hoffman et al., 2005).”
InfluentialGeerling, I., Roberts, R., & Williams, A. S. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21776 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
General psychiatric management for adolescents (GPM-A) with borderline personality disorder
Ilagan, G. S., & Choi-Kain, L. W. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.05.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Boritz, T. Z., Sheikhan, N. Y., Hawke, L. D., McMain, S., & Henderson, J. L. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13205 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Mad or Bad?”: Burden on Caregivers of Patients With Personality Disorders
Bauer, R., Döring, A., Schmidt, T., & Spießl, H. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.6.956 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fitzpatrick, S., Wagner, A. C., & Monson, C. M. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000328 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
From Planning to Implementation of the YouthCan IMPACT Project: a Formative Evaluation
Henderson, J. L., Hess, M., Mehra, K., & Hawke, L. D. (2019) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-019-09658-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Smith, L., Hunt, K., Parker, S., Camp, J., Stewart, C. S., & Morris, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20146334 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Studies of the effectiveness of DBT interventions for family members has so far focused primarily on DBT-informed programmes (e.g., the Family Connections™ programme) with carers of adults with BPD.”
BackgroundInfluentialKirtley, J., Chiocchi, J., Cole, J. C., & Sampson, M. (2018) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2018_32_355 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An evaluation of the skills group component of DBT-A for parent/guardians: a mixed methods study
Flynn, D., Gillespie, C., Joyce, M., & Spillane, A. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2019.62 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Research onDBT informed programmes such as Family ConnectionsTM has reported improvements in mastery in terms of skills acquisition for family members of emotionally dysregulated adults (Hoffman et al. 2005; Flynn et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialFlynn, D., Kells, M., & Joyce, M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Comorbid: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Schizophrenia
Muenzenmaier, K. H., Castille, D. M., Shelley, A. M., Jamison, A. L., Battaglia, J., Opler, L. A., & Alexander, M. J. (2005) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20050101-07 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sherman, M. D., & Fischer, E. P. (2012) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0027103 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sheikhan, N. Y., Wang, K., Boritz, T. Z., Hawke, L. D., McMain, S., & Henderson, J. L. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13220 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Henderson, J. L., Courey, L., Relihan, J., Darnay, K., Szatmári, P., Cleverley, K., Cheung, A., & Hawke, L. D. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13232 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Since the lead family member was a leader of an organization delivering the Family Connections intervention (Courey et al., 2021; Hoffman et al., 2005), which is an evidencebased program based on the principles of dialectical behavioural therapy and is designed specifically for family members and…”
BackgroundHuang, J., Zhang, J., & Yu, N. X. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1510105 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fossati, A., & Somma, A. (2018) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000486603 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Assessment of Parents, Couples, and Families in Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Fruzzetti, A. E., & Payne, L. G. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.10.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationCourey, L., Hyndman, D., Sheasgreen, C., & McCay, E. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lee, S. S. M., Keng, S., & Hong, R. Y. S. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001116 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Betts, J. K., Pearce, J., McKechnie, B., McCutcheon, L., Cotton, S., Jovev, M., Rayner, V., Seigerman, M., Hulbert, C. A., McNab, C., et al. (2018) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-018-0090-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, few psychoeducational interventions have been developed and, to the authors’ knowledge, just three of these programs have been subjected to formal empirical evaluation: ‘Dialectical Behaviour Therapy - Family Skills Training’ (DBT-FST; [11, 12]); ‘Family Connections’ [13] and ‘Staying Connected when Emotions…”
BackgroundAn Action Research Framework for Religion and the Stigma of Suicide
Lehmann, C. S., Leung, C., Miller, I., & Girguis, S. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12100802 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Guillén, V., Fonseca-Baeza, S., Fernández‐Felipe, I., Botella, C., Baños, R., García‐Palacios, A., & Marco, J. H. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100532 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hayes, A., Dempsey, M., Kells, M., & Murphy, M. F. (2023) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-023-00237-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This is supported by qualitative reports that one intervention [18] helped ICs of people with BPD to clarify their role in supporting a person with BPD and increased their perceived control over their own needs and how they may more effectively respond in the caregiving relationship [78].”
Wang, A., Tobon, J. I., Bieling, P., Jeffs, L., Colvin, E., & Zipursky, R. B. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12904 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Specific evidence-based interventions offered include a Family Connections group (Hoffman et al., 2005) and transdiagnostic applications of dialectical behaviour therapy (Ritschel, Lim, & Stewart, 2015), both of which have been adopted in an Ontario trial on Youth Wellness Hubs (Henderson et al.,…”
BackgroundCotton, S., Betts, J. K., Eleftheriadis, D., Filia, K., Seigerman, M., Rayner, V., McKechnie, B., Hulbert, C. A., McCutcheon, L., Jovev, M., et al. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211050299 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Given the intensity and volatility of the relationships with family members, over time, caregivers may be less equipped to respond to the challenges of their role (Hoffman et al., 2005); this may account for why there were fewer parents in the BPD group.”
BackgroundCrowell, S. E. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.9392.1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fernández‐Felipe, I., Díaz‐García, A., Marco, J. H., García‐Palacios, A., & Guillén, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010079 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“One of the reasons for the creation of FC was to improve validation and acceptance skills to create and maintain a validating family environment in the face of crises [34].”
BackgroundInfluentialMartino, F., Lia, L., Bortolotti, B., Menchetti, M., Monari, M., Ridolfi, M. E., Sanza, M., Sasdelli, A., & Berardi, D. (2014) · Rivista di psichiatria · doi:10.1708/1668.18258 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Greer, H., & Cohen, J. N. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000164 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Burke, L., Kells, M., Flynn, D., & Joyce, M. (2019) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0109-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“[17] identified that individuals who have a family member with BPD experience feeling overwhelmed and traumatised by behaviours associated with BPD.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFernández‐Felipe, I., Guillén, V., Marco, H., Díaz‐García, A., Botella, C., Jorquera, M., Baños, R., & García‐Palacios, A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02708-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hersh, R. G. (2013) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2013.824326 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Family members of college students are often relieved to learn that this is a well-established and treatable condition after spending years believing their son or daughter has a “treatment-resistant” condition requiring ever more complex and concerning medication regimens (Gunderson & Hoffman, 2005; Hoffman et al., 20…”
BackgroundAn Internet-Based Intervention for the Relatives of People with Mental Illnesses
Salamin, V., Ray, P., Gothuey, I., Corzani, S., & Martin-Söelch, C. (2019) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000219 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…that aim to reduce distress and interventions for caregivers of people with schizophrenia (Pitschel-Walz, Leucht, Bäuml, Kissling, & Engel, 2001), bipolar disorder (Fiorillo et al., 2015; Perlick et al., 2010), and borderline personality disorder (Hoffman et al., 2005) are well established.”
BackgroundInfluentialSims, E., Nelson, K. J., & Sisti, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2021-107216 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Marco, J. H., Fonseca-Baeza, S., Fernández‐Felipe, I., García‐Palacios, A., Baños, R., Pérez, S., García‐Alandete, J., & Guillén, V. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03965-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The content of the intervention program is divided into six modules and includes psychoeducation about BPD and how it affects family functioning, skills adapted from the DBT program (individual, family, and relational skills, validation exercises, and problem-solving skills), and peer support.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGuillén, V., Fernández‐Felipe, I., Marco, J. H., Grau, A., Botella, C., & García‐Palacios, A. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.13089 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Circles of Care: Applied Group Analysis with Family and Friends
Weegmann, M., & Head, A. (2016) · Group Analysis · doi:10.1177/0533316416664155 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shernoff, E. S., Ruork, A. K., Nadeem, E., & Rizvi, S. L. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22695 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sanders, S., & Pearce, S. (2010) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.5042/mhrj.2010.0741 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Puigdesens, A. V., Roca, M., Ferrer, M., Pretel‐Luque, T., & Calvo, N. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211058318 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Hence, interpersonal relationships, especially family relations, are worthy of attention, as some studies suggest that family members of people with severe mental illness tend to experience high levels of burden (Hoffman et al., 2005; Woody et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPsychoeducational groups for close relatives of patients with borderline personality disorder
Pitschel‐Walz, G., Spatzl, A., & Rentrop, M. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01395-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Thematic review of family therapy journals in 2005
Carr, A. (2006) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2006.00362.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Hoffman et al. (2005) evaluated a twelve-week multi-family psychoeducational programme for forty-four relatives of thirty-four persons with borderline personality disorder.”
BackgroundGuillén, V., Salvador, J. H. M., Jorquera, M., Bádenes, L., Sanchís, M. R., & Rivera, R. M. B. (2018) · INFORMACIO PSICOLOGICA · doi:10.14635/ipsic.2018.116.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Renneberg, B., Hutsebaut, J., Berens, A., Panfilis, C. D., Bertsch, K., Kaera, A., Kramer, U., Schmahl, C. G., Swales, M. A., Taubner, S., et al. (2024) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-024-00257-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…psychoeducation programs for carers of patients with BPD have been found to be effective in improving their communication skills toward their affected family member, their psychological well-being and their knowledge of the disorder and in decreasing their subjective burden [15, 20, 21, 38, 39].”
BackgroundNavarro-Haro, M. V., Pérez-Hernández, N., Serrat, S., & Gasol-Colomina, M. (2019) · Revista de Psicopatologia y Psicologia Clinica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.23.num.3.2018.21907 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…dolor y pérdida asociadas a tener un familiar con trastorno mental; Hoffman, 2005, p. 220), la sobrecarga emocional, el bienestar psicológico y la autoeficacia de los familiares tras recibir el programa (Hoffman et al., 2005; Hoffman et al., 2007; Rajalin Wickholm-Pethrus, Hursti, y Jokinen, 2009).”
Backgroundde Mendieta, C., Robles, R., González‐Forteza, C., Arango, I., Pérez-Islas, C., Jaime, B. P. V., & Rascón, M. L. (2019) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2019.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…of incorporating a set of specific strategies to increase the professional and social support into interventions for family members, such as stress reduction, depression treatment, coping skills, problem solving, anxiety reduction, and adaptive emotional management (Hoffman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundFacial Emotion Perception in Families Affected With Borderline Personality Disorder
Gulamani, T., Rodrigo, A. H., Uliaszek, A. A., & Ruocco, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2021_35_514 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Guillén, V., Arnal, A., Pérez, S., García‐Alandete, J., Fernández‐Felipe, I., Grau, A., Botella, C., & Marco, J. H. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01138-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The FC program [34]) is divided into six modules, but the research team developed the program adapted to ED and PD in seven modules, which are described below [34]:”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMartin, K., Holz, T., Woodward, G., & Cameron, M. (2020) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-020-09543-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Review of family, couples and systemic therapy outcome research 2000-2009
Silver, E., Stratton, P., Nascimento, N., & Nowotny, E. (2011) · Staff Publications Online (The Tavistock and Portman) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Guillén, V. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.13090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cohen, S., Salamin, V., Perroud, N. A., Dieben, K., Ducasse, D., Durpoix, A., Guenot, F., Tissot, H., Kramer, U., & Speranza, M. (2024) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-024-00254-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
La thérapie comportementale dialectique
Jomphe, J. (2014) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1023991ar · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) Informed Psychoeducation
Rentrop, M., Gerra, M. L., & Panfilis, C. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68062-5_3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Choi, S., Kim, J.-S., Kim, M.-K., Park, H., Oh, U.-B., & Seok, J. (2020) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2020.59.1.61 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hoffman, P. D., Fruzzetti, A. E., Buteau, E., Neiditch, E. R., Penney, D., Bruce, M. L., Hellman, F., & Struening, E.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Venue
- Family Process
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-05-10
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 217-225
- ISSN
- 0014-7370 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-5300
- OpenAlex
- W2167190782
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Family Process (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7k08mh001602-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08 MH001602-05)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, relatives of patients, family education programs, family ties, dialectical behavior therapy, coping strategies, family skills, grief, caregiver burden, mastery, family support networks, manualized intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Borderline Personality Disorder, Family, Family Therapy, Female, Health Education, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Program Evaluation, Program Development, Cost of Illness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
