Lifetime and 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐III‐R mental disorders among the homeless in Madrid: a European study using the CIDI
Abstract
The characteristics of homeless people in Europe are almost unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R/CIDI mental disorders among the homeless population of Madrid. A total of 261 homeless subjects, sampled from different sites, participated in the study. In terms of DSM-III-R lifetime rates, 50% of the sample had substance-related disorders and 35% had non-substance-related disorders. In total, 67% of the study subjects had some type of disorder. The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia (4%) was lower than reported in most previous studies. Although the mental illness pattern is similar to that observed in studies using the same diagnostic methods, the results reported here show a lower prevalence of drug abuse and schizophrenic disorders. The reasons for these cultural differences and their implications for international public health research are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Mental health and social characteristics of the homeless: a survey of mission users.
Fischer, P. J., Shapiro, S., Breakey, W. R., Anthony, J. C., & Kramer, M. (1986) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.76.5.519 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Homelessness and Mental Illness
Scott, J. (1993) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.162.3.314 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Prevalence of severe mental disorders in disaffiliated and homeless people in inner Melbourne
(1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.9.1179 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia
Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J., & McGrath, J. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020141 · Cited by 2,168 · see citing works
Fazel, S., Khosla, V., Doll, H., & Geddes, J. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050225 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
“Surveys with less than a 50% response rate were excluded, as were surveys on selected populations (for example, a sample of homeless people referred to a psychiatric outpatient clinic or single mothers [24]) or where diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was not obtained by direct interviews (for example, by self report…”
BackgroundMerikangas, K., Mehta, R., Molnar, B. E., Walters, E., Swendsen, J., Aguilar-Gaziola, S., Bijl, R., Borges, G., Caraveo-anduaga, J., Dewit, D., et al. (1998) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00076-8 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Prevalencia de los trastornos mentales y factores asociados: resultados del estudio ESEMeD-España
Haro, J. M., Palacín, C., Vilagut, G., Martínez, M., Bernal, M., Luque, I., Codony, M., Dolz, M., & Alonso, J. (2006) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1157/13086324 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“000 5,7 1,5 1,5 5,1 1,0 1,5 1,1 1,1 1,3 10,1 1,3 1,2 (3,9-7,6) (1,0-2,5) (0,9-2,4) (3,4-6,9) (0,6-1,6) (0,9-2,4) (0,3-1,9) (0,3-4,0) (0,4-4,4) (7,5-12,7) (0,9-1,9) (0,8-1,8) Empleo Empleo remunerado 2,9 4,5 7,4 7,4 (2,1-3,7) 1,0 1,0 (3,4-5,5) 1,0 1,0 (6,1-8,7) 1,0 1,0 (6,1-8,7) 1,0 1,0 Desempleado 6,6 2,4 2,2 7,8 1,8…”
Marital transitions, marital beliefs, and mental health.
Simon, R., & Marcussen, K. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676367 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Schizophrenia in homeless persons: a systematic review of the literature
Folsom, D. P., & Jeste, D. V. (2002) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02209.x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“In the remaining three reports, no mention was made of children in the custody of the homeless women (6, 14, 20, 24).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Effects of Primary Care Depression Treatment on Patients' Clinical Status and Employment
Schoenbaum, M., Unützer, J., McCaffrey, D., Duan, N., Sherbourne, C. D., & Wells, K. B. (2002) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.01086 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Gabilondo, A., Rojas-Farreras, S., Vilagut, G., Haro, J., Fernández, A., Pinto-Meza, A., & Alonso, J. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.016 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Few community studies have been conducted in Spain to date and they report prevalence estimates ranging up to 20% for lifetime prevalence of depression (Ayuso-Mateos et al., 2001; Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2006; Haro et al., 2006b; Mateos et al., 2000; Roca-Bennasar et al., 2001; Urbina Torija et al., 2007; Vázquez…”
InfluentialPrevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Individuals Experiencing Homelessness
Barry, R., Anderson, J., Tran, L., Bahji, A., Dimitropoulos, G., Ghosh, S. M., Kirkham, J. G., Messier, G. G., Patten, S. B., Rittenbach, K., et al. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0426 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Torrens, M., Rossi, P. C., Martinez-Riera, R., Martinez-Sanvisens, D., & Bulbena, A. (2012) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.663296 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Krausz, R. M., Clarkson, A. F., Strehlau, V., Torchalla, I., Li, K., & Schuetz, C. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0649-8 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“When compared to other studies that used standardized instruments, our participants reported higher rates of both current and lifetime mood disorder episodes, anxiety disorders [4, 13, 15, 18], and comparable rates of posttraumatic stress disorder [19] and dysthymia [18].”
ResultRoos, L. E., Mota, N., Afifi, T. O., Katz, L. Y., Distasio, J., & Sareen, J. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301323 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Andersen, S. L. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000103 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Depression occurs in nearly 67% of the early life maltreatment population (Andersen & Teicher, 2008; Andersen et al., 2008; Widom, DuMont, & Czaja, 2007), compared to a lifetime prevalence rate in the general population of approximately 20% (Kessler et al., 1994).”
BackgroundFichter, M. M., & Quadflieg, N. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00217.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders and use of care by homeless people in Paris
Kovess, V., & Mangin Lazarus, C. (1999) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050178 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Spain [13], Germany [14] and the UK [15].”
BackgroundPsychiatric Disorders in Homeless Men and Women in Inner Sydney
Teesson, M., Hodder, T., & Buhrich, N. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01322.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Reference Munich 1989 (6 month) [12] n = 32 % St Louis 1989/90 (6 month) [10] n = 300 % Melbourne 1990 (1 month) [4] n = 69 % Madrid 1993/94 (12 month) [13] n = 56 % Sydney 1996/97 (12 month)”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDifferential patterns of mental disorders among the homeless in Madrid (Spain) and Los Angeles (USA)
Muñoz, M., Vázquez, C., Koegel, P., Sanz, J., & Burnam, M. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050088 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Subject selection occurred randomly in each of the selected centers (see more details in Va zquez et al. 1997).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBarriers to Primary Healthcare for the Homeless: The General Practitioner's Perspective
Lester, H., & Bradley, C. P. (2001) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3109/13814780109048777 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ernst, C. C., Grant, T. M., Streissguth, A. P., & Sampson, P. D. (1999) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6629(199901)27:1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationSymptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: A Network Perspective
Langer, J. K., Tonge, N., Piccirillo, M., Rodebaugh, T., Thompson, R. J., & Gotlib, I. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.078 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Role of Stressful Life Events in Homelessness: An Intragroup Analysis
Muñnoz, M., Panadero, S., Santos, E. P., & Quiroga, M. Á. (2005) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-005-1888-6 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Homelessness Effects on Men's and Women's Health
Muñoz, M., Crespo, M., & Santos, E. P. (2005) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2005.11043400 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, O., Lee, H., Ahn, J., Park, J.-I., Cho, M., Hong, J., Hahm, B., & Kim, C.-Y. (2003) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000061140.93952.28 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Yet, the vast majority of psychiatric research on homeless people has been conducted only in the Western countries (Fichter and Quadflieg, 2001; Herrman et al., 1989; Rossi et al., 1987; Roth and Bean, 1986; Scott, 1993; Vazquez et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultUn avantage sous contrainte : le risque moindre pour les femmes de se trouver sans abri
Marpsat, M. (1999) · Population · doi:10.2307/1534715 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Importance of clinical diagnoses for comorbidity studies in substance use disorders
Torrens, M., Martín-Santos, R., & Samet, S. (2006) · Neurotoxicity research · doi:10.1007/bf03033361 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…et al., 2001; Rosenberg et al., 2001) as well as psychosocial impairments, such as higher unemployment and homelessness rates (Caton et al., 1994; Vazquez et al., 1997), and a great amount of violent or criminal behavior (Abram and Teplin, F.P. Graham Publishing Co. Importance of Clinical…”
BackgroundFichter, M., & Quadflieg, N. (1999) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s004060050063 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Patología dual: situación actual y retos de futuro
Melich, M. T. (2008) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.255 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mental health, concurrent disorders, and health care utilization in homeless women
STREHLAU, V., TORCHALLA, I., KATHY, L., SCHUETZ, C., & KRAUSZ, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000419819.60505.dc · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mental illness and mortality among homeless people
Hwang, S. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.103002081.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In Munich, the 1-month prevalence of psychotic disorders was 7% (8); a recent study from Madrid found a lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia of 4% and a 1-month prevalence of only 2% (4).”
BackgroundFichter, M. M., & Quadflieg, N. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00715.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Leonori, L., Muñoz, M., Vázquez, C., Vázquez, J., Bravo, M., Nuche, M., Brandt, P., Bento, A., & Horenbek, B. (2000) · doi:10.1027//1016-9040.5.3.245 · Cited by 34
Self-citationLängle, G., Egerter, B., Albrecht, F., Petrasch, M., & Buchkremer, G. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0902-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Darwinian Happiness: Can the Evolutionary Perspective on Well-Being Help us Improve Society?
Grinde, B. (2005) · doi:10.1080/026040290500598 · Cited by 30
Prevalence of cognitive impairment among homeless people in inner Sydney.
Buhrich, N., Hodder, T., & Teesson, M. (2000) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.4.520 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Research Program on Homelessness in France
Firdion, J., & Marpsat, M. (2007) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00524.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fichter, M., & Quadflieg, N. (2003) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-120017379 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…rates than in representative community samples (Burnam and Koegel, 1988; Fichter and Quadflieg, 2001; Fichter et al., 1996; Greifenhagen and Fichter, 1997; Herrman et al., 1989; Koegel and Burnam, 1988; Koegel et al., 1988; Kovess and Lazarus, 1999; Susser et al., 1995; Vázquez et al., 1997).”
BackgroundUtilization of psychiatric emergency services by homeless persons in Spain
Pascual, J. C., Malagón, A., Arcega, J. M., Gines, J. M., Navinés, R., Gurrea, A., García-Ribera, C., & Bulbena, A. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.08.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“[18] found that 50% of the homeless studied had substance-related disorders and 35% had non-substance-related disorder.”
Strehlau, V., Torchalla, I., Patterson, M. L., Moniruzzaman, A., Laing, A., Addorisio, S., Frankish, J., Krausz, M., & Somers, J. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2017.05.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Prevalence of Mental Illness among Homeless People in Hong Kong
Yim, L. C.-L., Leung, H. C.-M., Chan, W. C., Lam, M. H.-B., & Lim, V. W.-M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140940 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Vázquez et al [56] suggested that depression has been a ‘silent disorder’ in the homeless population, which may prevent the sufferers from seeking help and utilising effective coping strategies.”
BackgroundLovisi, G. M., Mann, A. H., Coutinho, E., & Morgado, A. F. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0666-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A history in-care predicts unique characteristics in a homeless population with mental illness
Roos, L. E., Distasio, J., Bolton, J. M., Katz, L. Y., Afifi, T. O., Isaak, C. A., Goering, P. N., Bruce, L., & Sareen, J. (2013) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.08.018 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fichter, M. M., & Quadflieg, N. (2005) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0543-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Otálvaro, A., & Arango, M. (2009) · doi:10.33132/01248146.221 · Cited by 23
Homelessness, Mental Health, and Stressful Life Events
Vázquez, C., & Muñoz, M. (2001) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2001.11449522 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Biased sampling procedures and the use of insufficient or inadequate measuring instruments [30] can cause varying results.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationGiesbrecht, C. J., O’Rourke, N., Leonova, O., Strehlau, V., Paquet, K., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Panenka, W. J., MacEwan, G. W., Smith, G. N., Thornton, A. E., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151648 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Muñoz, M., Koegel, P., Vázquez, C., Sanz, J., & Burnam, A. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0555-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationEllis, S. N., & Honeycutt, J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.741454 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ricci-Cabello, I., Ruiz-Pérez, I., Plazaola-Castaño, J., & Montero-Piñar, I. (2010) · Revista Española de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1135-57272010000100004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among homeless people in Athens area: a cross-sectional study
Madianos, M., Chondraki, P., & Papadimitriou, G. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0674-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Regarding the place of spending the night, several investigators provided similar data [6, 8, 23, 42].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychological impact on care professionals due to the SARS‐Cov‐2 virus in Spain
Santolalla‐Arnedo, I., Pozo‐Herce, P. D., de Viñaspre‐Hernández, R. R., Gea-Caballero, V., Juárez‐Vela, R., Fernández, G. G., Garrido-García, R., Echániz-Serrano, E., Czapla, M., & Rodríguez-Velasco, F. J. (2022) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12748 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment
Oh, H., Lee, J., Kim, S., Rufino, K. A., Fonagy, P., Oldham, J., Schanzer, B., & Patriquin, M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.20140293 · Cited by 15
Lees-Haley, P. (2003) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.93.2.561 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“K. S. (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IIIR psychiatric disorders in the United States.”
BackgroundNeighborhood cohesion and psychological distress across race and sexual orientation
Miller, G. H., Márquez-Velarde, G., Lindstrom, E.-D., Keith, V. M., & Brown, L. E. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101134 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The impact of mood symptomatology on pattern of substance use among homeless
Maremmani, A. G. I., Bacciardi, S., Gehring, N. D., Cambioli, L., Schütz, C. G., Akiskal, H. S., Jang, K. L., & Krausz, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.059 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Homeless mentally ill in Athens area: A cross-sectional study on unmet needs and help-seeking
Chondraki, P., Madianos, M., Dragioti, E., & Papadimitriou, G. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764013503150 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mental illness among the homeless: prevalence study in a Dublin homeless hostel
Prinsloo, B., Parr, C., & Fenton, J. (2012) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700017560 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
High Positive Psychiatrie Screening Rates in an Urban Homeless Population
Ganesh, A., Campbell, D. J. T., Hurley, J., & Patten, S. B. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800607 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Firing patterns of ventral hippocampal neurons predict the exploration of anxiogenic locationsPreprint
Malagon-Vina, H., Ciocchi, S., & Klausberger, T. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485343 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…12-month prevalence estimates on mental disorders show that at least 14% of people in the European Union suffer from anxiety disorders(Wittchen et al., 2011), and around 31% of people in the United States have experienced some type of anxiety disorders in their lifetime(Kessler et al., 1994).”
BackgroundVázquez, C., Muñoz, M., Crespo, M., Guisado, B., & Dennis, M. L. (2005) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2005.11043405 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationVu, P. A., McNamara, E. H., Liu, J., Tucker, L. B., Fu, A. H., & McCabe, J. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147147 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Homelessness and mental illness
Salkow, K., & Fichter, M. M. (2003) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000079207.36371.29 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sanz, J. (2001) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600005734 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationQuadflieg, N., & Fichter, M. (2007) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/s-2007-970845 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Use of Mental Health Services by Homeless People in Paris
Kovess, V., & Lazarus, C. (2001) · doi:10.1080/00207411.2001.11449523 · Cited by 6
The Homeless Mentally Ill in Germany
Becker, H., & Kunstmann, W. (2001) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2001.11449526 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Cocaine Use in Homeless Populations: A Systematic Review
Perez, G. R., Ustyol, A., Mills, K. J., Raitt, J. M., & North, C. S. (2022) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-022-00271-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Muñoz, M., Vázquez, C., Vázquez, J. J., Guisado, A. B., & Crespo, M. (2018) · Revista Internacional de Sociología · doi:10.3989/ris.2002.i32.720 · Cited by 1
Self-citation28 – Données épidémiologiques psychiatriques concernant les sans domicile
Richer, S., & Meryglod, N. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70450-5.50028-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Darcin, A., Nurmedov, S., Noyan, C., Yilmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2015280302
Grattagliano, I., Signorile, C., Lisi, A., Rinaldis, M. D. D., Montedoro, M. A., Aliquó, G., Poduti, D., Palella, L., Ventrella, V., & Catanesi, R. (2015) · International Journal of Criminology and Sociology · doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2015.04.08
“With respect to the incidence of psychotic disorders, the percentages were the following among each sample: 6.6% in Germany (Fichter and Quadflieg 2001), 11% in Spain (Vazquez et al. 1997); 11.5% in the USA (Koegel et al. 1988) and 18% in Australia (Herrman et al. 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialTweed, R. G., Bergen, C. J., & Alain, D. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_1302-2
Behandlungsprobleme bei wohnungslosen psychisch Kranken
Eikelmann, B., & Zacharias, B. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18823-7_37
- Authors
- Vázquez, C., Muñoz, M., & Sanz, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Vázquez, C.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-06
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 523-530
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2022741733
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- homelessness, mental illness, lifetime prevalence, 12-month prevalence, substance-related disorders, schizophrenia, drug abuse, Madrid
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Dynamics, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Retrospective Studies, Sampling Studies, Schizophrenia, Sex Factors, Spain, Prevalence, Chi-Square Distribution, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
