Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities: Dynamics of gas-phase NCl3 in pools
Abstract
Unlabelled Trichloramine (NCl(3)) is recognized as an irritant of the human respiratory system and other tissues. Processes that lead to volatilization from the liquid phase allow for human exposure to gas-phase NCl(3) in swimming pool settings. The dynamics of these processes are not well defined. A N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine/potassium iodide (DPD/KI)-based wet-chemistry method for measuring gas-phase NCl(3) concentration was verified and applied in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities. Other gas-phase oxidants in the air of indoor pools provided interference of 15% or less. The DPD/KI method was applied for the measurement of gas-phase NCl(3) in four chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities. All results showed a correlation between bather loading and gas-phase NCl(3) concentration. The nature of swimmer activities also influenced air quality, presumably because of the effects of these activities on mixing near the gas-liquid interface. Practical implications The activities of swimmers promote transfer of volatile compounds from water to the surrounding air. For chlorinated, indoor pool facilities, this can lead to exposure to gas-phase chemicals that can cause irritation of the respiratory system and other tissues. The focus of this study was on NCl(3), a common disinfection by-product (DBP) in chlorinated pools. However, the conditions that promote NCl(3) transfer are likely to promote transfer of other volatile chemicals from water to air. As such, it is p…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
An increased number of swimmers in a swimming pool increases the air concentration of trichloramine.
“An increased number of swimmers in a swimming pool increases the air concentration of trichloramine (Jacobs et al. 2007;Bessonneau et al. 2011;Weng et al. 2011;Chu et al. 2013;Fantuzzi et al. 2013;Afifi and Blatchley 2015).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Weng et al. 2011
Other chlorinated inorganic or organic compounds present in air are suspected to interfere with trichloramine analysis, leading to an overestimation of trichloramine exposure, but the percentage of interference was not determined.
“Other chlorinated inorganic or organic compounds such as dichloroacetonitrile, cyanogen chloride, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid or dichloromethylamine present in the air (Cardador and Gallego 2011;Weng et al. 2011;Afifi and Blatchley 2015) are suspected to interfere with the analysis leading to an overestimation of the trichloramine exposure.The percentage of interference was, however,”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Weng et al. 2011
Cites
Occupational asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming-pool air
Thickett, K. M., McCoach, J. S., Gerber, J. M., Sadhra, S., & Burge, P. S. (2002) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.02.00232802 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Exposure to trichloramine and respiratory symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers
Jacobs, J. H., Spaan, S., van Rooy, G. B. G. J., Meliefste, C., Zaat, V. A. C., Rooyackers, J. M., & Heederik, D. (2007) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00024706 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood
Bernard, A., Carbonnelle, S., de Burbure, C., Michel, O., & Nickmilder, M. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8461 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Massin, N., Bohadana, A. B., Wild, P., Héry, M., Toamain, J. P., & Hubert, G. (1998) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.55.4.258 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Li, J., & Blatchley, E. R. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es070871+ · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationVolatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools
Weaver, W. A., Li, J., Wen, Y., Johnston, J., Blatchley, M. R., & Blatchley III, E. R. (2009) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.035 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationExposure to chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools
HERY, M. (1995) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0003-4878(95)00013-5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Bowen, A. B., Kile, J. C., Otto, C., Kazerouni, N., Austin, C., Blount, B. C., Wong, H.-N., Beach, M. J., & Fry, A. M. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9555 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Health impact of disinfection by-products in swimming pools
Villanueva, C. M., & Font-Ribera, L. (2012) · Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità · doi:10.4415/ann_12_04_06 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Occupational exposures of airborne trichloramine at indoor swimming pools in Taipei
Chu, T.-S., Cheng, S.-F., Wang, G.-S., & Tsai, S.-W. (2013) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.012 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wastensson, G., & Eriksson, K. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1744514 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Weng, S.-C., Weaver, W. A., Zare Afifi, M., Blatchley, T. N., Cramer, J. S., Chen, J., & Blatchley, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blatchley, T. N.
- Blatchley, E. R.
- Venue
- Indoor Air
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2011-03-14
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 391-399
- ISSN
- 0905-6947 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142936939
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Indoor Air (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Keywords
- trichloramine, indoor swimming pools, disinfection by-products, indoor air quality, respiratory irritation
- MeSH terms
- Chlorides, Disinfectants, Gases, Humans, Hydroxylamines, Potassium Iodide, Swimming Pools, Volatilization, Air Pollution, Indoor, Nitrogen Compounds, Risk Assessment, Halogenation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
