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The periapical index: A scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis
Abstract
Abstract A scoring system for registration of apical periodontitis in radiographs is presented. The system is termed the periapical index (PAI) and provides an ordinal scale of 5 scores ranging from 1 (healthy) to 5 (severe periodontitis with exacerbating features). Its validity is based on the use of reference radiographs of teeth with verified histological diagnoses. Results from studies involving 11 observers and 47 selected radiographs document that the PAI system is reasonably accurate, reproducible and able to discriminate between sub‐populations. It may also allow for results from different researchers to be compared. The system may be suitable for the analysis of periapical radiographs in epidemiological studies, in clinical trials and in retrospective analyses of treatment results in endodontics.
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Cites
Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy II. Correlation Between Oral Hygiene and Periodontal Condition
Silness, J., & Löe, H. (1964) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016356408993968 · Cited by 7,932
Cited by
A New Periapical Index Based on Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Estrela, C., Bueno, M. R., Azevedo, B. C., Azevedo, J. R., & Pécora, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.013 · Cited by 432
Duncan, H. F., Kirkevang, L., Peters, O. A., El‐Karim, I., Krastl, G., Del Fabbro, M., Chong, B. S., Galler, K. M., Segura‐Egea, J. J., Kebschull, M., et al. (2023) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13974 · Cited by 304
Assessment of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with carious exposures
Taha, N. A., Ahmad, M. B., & Ghanim, A. (2017) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.12605 · Cited by 207
Lundgren, G. P., Vestlund, G.-I. M., & Dahllöf, G. (2018) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.06.020 · Cited by 37
Zanjir, M., Cardoso, E., Harman, N. L., Khansari, A., Jafarzadeh, H., Malkhassian, G., Sabeti, M., Aminoshariae, A., Kishen, A., Sale, J. E. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2025.01.011 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Ørstavik, D., Kerekes, K., & Eriksen, H. M.
- Venue
- Dental Traumatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1986-02
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-34
- ISSN
- 1600-4469 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-9657
- OpenAlex
- W2152479899
- Cited by
- 1,196
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 11.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The periapical index: A scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1986.tb00119.x
- The paper
- Ørstavik, D., Kerekes, K., & Eriksen, H. M. (1986). The periapical index: A scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Dental Traumatology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1986.tb00119.x
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
