The DOI matches its Crossref record; 185 of the 188 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities
Open accessAbstract
Images and interpretations of the past, present, and future of the American racial and ethnic landscape are contradictory. Many accounts focus on the increasing diversity that results from immigration and differential natural increase as well as the proliferation of racial and ethnic categories in census data. Less attention has been paid to the formation and erosion of racial and ethnic identities produced by intermarriage and ethnic blending. The framers and custodians of census racial classifications assume a “geographic origins” definition of race and ethnicity, but the de facto measures in censuses and social surveys rely on folk categories that vary over time and are influenced by administrative practices and sociopolitical movements. We illustrate these issues through an in‐depth examination of the racial and ethnic reporting by whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics in the 2000 census. The emerging pattern, labeled here as the “Americanization” of racial and ethnic identities, and most evident for whites and blacks, is of simplified racial identities with little acknowledgment of complex ancestries. National origin is the predominant mode of reporting racial and ethnic identities among Asians and Hispanics, especially first‐generation immigrants. The future of racial and ethnic identities is unknowable, but continued high levels of immigration, intermarriage, and social mobility are likely to blur contemporary divisions and boundaries.
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“As Perez and Hirschman (2009) rightly observed in their analysis of the US Census Bureau's methodology, the black category in the US, like the white category, has evolved over the years into a complex web.”
From Conceptualizing the Differences in the Perception and Internalization of Racism Between Black African Immigrants and African Americans in the United States (2025) · cites this paper as Perez and Hirschman (2009)
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“Low rates of reporting as multiracial or multiethnic is in line with previous studies; an analysis of the 2000 US Census shows that 95 percent of blacks and 97 percent of whites acknowledge only a single identity.45”
From The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
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Citations
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Konstantinov, V. V., & Осин, Р. В. (2026) · Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика · doi:10.22363/2313-1683-2025-22-4-714-733
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Mustafa, M. S., Latif, F., Mehraj, L., Mashhood, F., Waheed, M., Siddiqui, A., Usman, Z., & Kumar, H. (2026) · ASIDE Cardiovascular · doi:10.71079/aside.cv.092526819
Measuring Social Change as Categorical Change
Smith, J. A. (2013) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Perez, A. D., & Hirschman, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Population and Development Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-51
- ISSN
- 0098-7921 (ISSN-L)
- 1728-4457
- PMC
- PMC2882688
- OpenAlex
- W1964179061
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 188
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 28.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Population and Development Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD047289, R24HD042828, R24HD041028)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Keywords
- racial and ethnic composition, racial identity, ethnic identity, intermarriage, 2000 census, Americanization, national origin, immigration, natural increase, census categories, social mobility, Hispanic Americans, Asians, white, black
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