The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Childhood Adultification in Economically Disadvantaged Families: A Conceptual Model
Abstract
Abstract:This article presents an emergent conceptual model of childhood adultification and economic disadvantage derived from 5 longitudinal ethnographies of children and adolescents growing up in low‐income families. Childhood adultification involves contextual, social, and developmental processes in which youth are prematurely, and often inappropriately, exposed to adult knowledge and assume extensive adult roles and responsibilities within their family networks. Exemplar cases from the ethnographies are integrated in the discussion to illustrate components of the model. Four successive levels of adultification are described: precocious knowledge, mentored‐adultification, peerification/spousification, and parentification. The developmental assets and liabilities children incur also are discussed. Recommendations for school, health care, and social service practitioners working with low‐income families and children are provided.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The implications of parentification expand beyond the parentified individual (e.g., psychological, cognitive, and physical health outcomes) to the family of origin (e.g., sibling outcomes) and intergenerational transmission [1] if parentified individuals have children”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The implications of parentification expand beyond the parentified individual (e.g., psychological, cognitive, and physical health outcomes) to the family of origin (e.g., sibling outcomes) and future generations through an intergenerational transmission [1].”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
(1998) · Sage eBooks · Cited by 38,631
Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital
Coleman, J. S. (1988) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228943 · Cited by 26,975
Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital
Coleman, J. S. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-7222-1.50005-2 · Cited by 21,751
Noble, C. (1988) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1961794 · Cited by 6,176
The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy.
Watson, B. C., & Wilson, W. J. (1988) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.2307/2295455 · Cited by 6,018
Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context
Rogoff, B. (1990) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195059731.001.0001 · Cited by 4,709
Unequal childhoods: class, race, and family life
Lareau, A. P. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-4975 · Cited by 4,621
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
Panagos, R. J. (1998) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259801900609 · Cited by 4,183
When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor.
Scott, D. M., & Wilson, W. J. (1998) · African American Review · doi:10.2307/3042249 · Cited by 3,616
Wilson, W. J. (1996) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2152085 · Cited by 3,111
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Boo K, 2001, After welfare, The New Yorker, 93
- Burton L. M., 1995, Intergenerational issues in aging, 79
- Burton L. M., 2003, Adultified children in need‐based families: A discourse for service‐learning
- Burton L. M., 2005, Emerging issues in African American family life, 166
- Burton L. M., 1996, Essays on ethnography and human development, 395
- Corsaro W. A., 2005, The sociology of childhood
- Jenks C, 2005, Childhood
- Jurkovic G. J., 1997, Lost childhoods: The treatment of the parentified child
- Quane J. M., 2007, Complex lives and compounded problems: Understanding the effects of work and welfare changes on adolescents in low‐income families
- Sheehan S, 1993, A lost childhood, The New Yorker, 54
- Wilkerson I, First born, fast grown: The manful life of Nicolas, 10, New York Times, 16
- Winston P., 1999, Welfare, children, and families: Overview and design
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 444
Bowen, S., Elliott, S., & Hardison‐Moody, A. (2022) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2022.8.3.02 · Cited by 28
A Longitudinal Investigation of Employment Among Low-Income Youth
Purtell, K. M., & McLoyd, V. C. (2011) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x11416019 · Cited by 28
Student Loans and the Dynamics of Debt
Hershbein, B. J., & Hollenbeck, K. M. (2015) · doi:10.17848/9780880994873 · Cited by 31
Roksa, J. (2019) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12558 · Cited by 27
The Not-Forgotten Child: Alienated Adult Children’s Experience of Parental Alienation
Bentley, C., & Matthewson, M. L. (2020) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2020.1775531 · Cited by 27
Schroeder, V. M., & Kelley, M. L. (2008) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00509.x · Cited by 27
Oversized Loads: Child Parentification in Low-Income Families and Underlying Parent–Child Dynamics
Chee, L. P., Goh, E. C. L., & Kuczynski, L. (2014) · Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.2014.95.26 · Cited by 26
Life Events and Black–White Differences in Adult Children’s Financial Assistance to Mothers
Park, S. S. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx069 · Cited by 26
Mexican A merican Adolescents' Emotional Support to the Family in Response to Parental Stress
Tsai, K. M., Gonzales, N. A., & Fuligni, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12216 · Cited by 26
Lam, C. B., Greene, K. M., & McHale, S. M. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000223 · Cited by 26
Shin, Y., & Hecht, M. L. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.10.010 · Cited by 27
Armstrong‐Carter, E., Ivory, S. L., Lin, L. C., Muscatell, K. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13213 · Cited by 25
The Family Life Course Framework: Perspectives on Interdependent Lives and Inequality
Roy, K. M., & Settersten, R. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92002-9_20 · Cited by 25
Sibling Caretaking Among Mexican American Youth
East, P. L., & Hamill, S. B. (2013) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/0739986313499003 · Cited by 25
Adolescent self-harm in Ghana: a qualitative interview-based study of first-hand accounts
Quarshie, E. N., Waterman, M. G., & House, A. O. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02599-9 · Cited by 25
Development of a Survey to Assess Adolescent Perceptions of Teen Parenting
Herrman, J. W., & Nandakumar, R. (2012) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.20.1.3 · Cited by 25
Fram, M. S., & Frongillo, E. A. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmx008 · Cited by 24
The implications of adult identity for educational and work attainment in young adulthood.
Benson, J. E., Johnson, M. K., & Elder, G. H. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026364 · Cited by 24
Race/ethnicity, human capital, and the selection of young children into early childhood education
Ressler, R. W., Ackert, E., Ansari, A., & Crosnoe, R. L. (2019) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102364 · Cited by 26
Exploring Resiliency and Parentification in Polish Adolescents
Połomski, P., Peplińska, A., Lewandowska-Walter, A., & Borchet, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111454 · Cited by 23
Elliott, M. C., Leventhal, T., Shuey, E. A., Lynch, A. D., & Coley, R. L. (2014) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12183 · Cited by 25
Making Sense of Loan Aversion: Evidence from Wisconsin
Goldrick‐Rab, S., & Kelchen, R. (2015) · doi:10.17848/9780880994873.ch10 · Cited by 23
Crooks, N. K., Debra, A., Coleman, D. L., Sosina, W., Singer, R. B., Jeremiah, R. D., Green, B., Johnson, W. E., Caldwell, C. H., Patil, C. L., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16364-6 · Cited by 22
Racial bias toward children in the early childhood education setting
Blackson, E. A., Gerdes, M., Segan, E., Anokam, C., & Johnson, T. J. (2022) · Journal of Early Childhood Research · doi:10.1177/1476718x221087051 · Cited by 22
Loans for Educational Opportunity: Making Borrowing Work for Today's Students
Dynarski, S., & Kreisman, D. (2015) · Upjohn Research (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) · doi:10.17848/9780880994873.ch12 · Cited by 22
Park, S., Powers, J., Okpych, N. J., & Courtney, M. E. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105051 · Cited by 21
Koch, A. M., & Kozhumam, A. S. (2022) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12736 · Cited by 21
Youths’ Caretaking of Their Adolescent Sisters’ Children
East, P. L., Weisner, T. S., & Slonim, A. (2009) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x09340144 · Cited by 21
Developmental goals during the transition to young adulthood
Yau, P. S., Shane, J., & Heckhausen, J. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254211007564 · Cited by 23
Benson, J. E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_69 · Cited by 21
Exposure to Food Insecurity during Adolescence and Educational Attainment
Heflin, C. M., Darolia, R., & Kukla-Acevedo, S. (2020) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spaa036 · Cited by 23
Xiao, S. X., Korous, K. M., Hewitt, S. L., & Nguyen, D. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12196 · Cited by 20
Zang, E. X., Tan, P. L., & Cook, P. J. (2023) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/724723 · Cited by 19
Jiang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114559 · Cited by 19
The Contributions of Youth to Immigrant Families
Fuligni, A. J., & Telzer, E. H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139094696.010 · Cited by 19
Hooper, L. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_169-2 · Cited by 20
Exploring the lived experience of parental infidelity
Salih, L., & Chaudry, S. (2021) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2021.1956997 · Cited by 18
Reconsidering adulthood: Relative constructions of adult identity during the transition to adulthood
Panagakis, C. (2014) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2014.12.005 · Cited by 18
Green, M. J., Leyland, A. H., Sweeting, H. N., & Benzeval, M. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.018 · Cited by 18
Fraser, B., Chisholm, E., & Pierse, N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259799 · Cited by 18
Bousfield, K., & Ragusa, A. T. (2014) · Critical Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/17508487.2013.877051 · Cited by 18
Seffrin, P. M. (2012) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01244.x · Cited by 18
Leung, J. T. Y., Shek, D. T. L., To, S., & Ngai, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20075363 · Cited by 17
Chen, E., Jiang, T., Chen, M. A., & Miller, G. E. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000403 · Cited by 21
Nebbitt, V. E., Tirmazi, T. M., Lombe, M., Cryer‐Coupet, Q. R., & French, S. (2013) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9839-2 · Cited by 17
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Family Social Support among Black Adolescents
Cross, C. J., Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6010020 · Cited by 18
Goldner, L., Sachar, S. C., & Abir, A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1244-8 · Cited by 16
The Reconstruction of Fatherhood Across Two Generations
Kivenson-Baron, I., & Scharf, M. (2014) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x14528712 · Cited by 18
Panuccio, E. A., & Christian, J. (2017) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368717705419 · Cited by 19
Construction of a Parentification Questionnaire for Youth
Borchet, J., Lewandowska-Walter, A., Połomski, P., & Peplińska, A. (2019) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2019.89492 · Cited by 16
A Resistance Framework for Racially Minoritized Youth Behaviors During the Transition to Adulthood
Bounds, D. T., & Posey, P. D. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12792 · Cited by 19
Oberlander, S. E., Agostini, W. R. M., Houston, A. M., & Black, M. M. (2010) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018075 · Cited by 16
Elliott, S., Brenton, J., & Powell, R. (2017) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spx021 · Cited by 17
Making Boys' Careworlds Visible
Luttrell, W. (2012) · Thymos Journal of Boyhood Studies · doi:10.3149/thy.0602.186 · Cited by 16
Adaptive Parental Messaging, Racialized Gender Socialization, and Preparation for Black Womanhood
Lucas, L. J., & Wade, J. (2023) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2023.2236086 · Cited by 15
Błażek, M. (2016) · Polish Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1515/pjap-2015-0064 · Cited by 15
Homeless Adolescents’ Perceptions of Positive Development: A Comparative Study
Nott, B. D., & Vuchinich, S. (2016) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-016-9361-2 · Cited by 15
Families of Incarcerated African American Men: The Impact on Mothers and Children
Hattery, A. J., & Smith, E. L., III (2014) · The Journal of Pan-African Studies · Cited by 15
Parentification Questionnaire for Youth
Borchet, J., Lewandowska-Walter, A., Połomski, P., & Peplińska, A. (2020) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t81453-000 · Cited by 15
Future Directions in Child Maltreatment Research
Jackson, Y. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2224430 · Cited by 14
Vikram, K., Ganguly, D., & Goli, S. (2023) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102970 · Cited by 14
Carceral Passages: Coming of Age in Prison America
Knight, D. J. (2024) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/729769 · Cited by 16
Factors That Influence Snacking Behaviors of Adolescents From Urban Communities: A Qualitative Study
Gangrade, N., Fleur, K. S., & Leak, T. M. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2021.12.008 · Cited by 14
Leung, J. T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2011) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2011.020 · Cited by 14
Richardson, J. B., & Vil, C. S. (2015) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/1466138115609624 · Cited by 14
Children Framing Childhoods and Looking Back
Luttrell, W. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137447357_10 · Cited by 14
Bauer, E. (2017) · Benjamins translation library · doi:10.1075/btl.129.18bau · Cited by 14
An Intersectional Look at the “Rush to Adulthood”
Augustyn, M. B., & Jackson, D. B. (2017) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x17725245 · Cited by 14
Childhood Emotional Incest Scale (CEIS): Development, validation, cross-validation, and reliability.
Çimşir, E., & Akdoğan, R. (2020) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000439 · Cited by 13
Parental incarceration and parent–youth closeness
Turney, K. (2023) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12919 · Cited by 16
Dómínguez, S., Borba, C. P. C., Fatima, B., Gray, D. A., Stinehart, C., Murphy, G., Wang, E. K. S., Harris, B. L., & Henderson, D. C. (2012) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2012.683158 · Cited by 13
Making Boys' Care Worlds Visible
Luttrell, W. (2012) · Boyhood Studies · doi:10.3149/thy.0601.186 · Cited by 13
Roy, K. M., & Jones, N. (2014) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20051 · Cited by 13
Parentification in Polish Adolescents: a Prevalence Study
Borchet, J., Hooper, L. M., Tomek, S. E., Schneider, W. S., & Dębski, M. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00411-8 · Cited by 13
The effect of motive-goal congruence on adolescents’ academic goal engagement and disengagement
Yau, P. S., Cho, Y., Kay, J., & Heckhausen, J. (2022) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09946-1 · Cited by 13
Um dia na vida de irmãos que cuidam de irmãos
Dellazzana‐Zanon, L. L., & Freitas, L. B. D. L. (2010) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722010000400003 · Cited by 12
The Limits of Choice: A Black Feminist Critique of College “Choice” Theories and Research
McLewis, C. C. (2021) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44007-7_6 · Cited by 13
Hooper, L. M., Mugoya, G. C. T., Burton, S., & Tomek, S. (2020) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12164 · Cited by 11
Harvey, B., Cabral, B., Annamma, S. A., & Morgan, J. (2024) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2023.2297035 · Cited by 11
A Phenomenological Study of Parentification Experiences of Asian American Young Adults
Cho, S., Glebova, T., Seshadri, G., & Hsieh, A. (2024) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-024-09723-x · Cited by 13
Billingsley, J. T., Rivens, A. J., & Hurd, N. M. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558420979127 · Cited by 12
Garlen, J. C., & Hembruff, S. L. (2022) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2022.2142037 · Cited by 11
Girls and Violence: A Review of the Literature
Herrman, J. W., & Silverstein, J. (2012) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/07370016.2012.670558 · Cited by 11
Do Australian Teenagers Work? Why We Should Care
Miller, P. (2012) · Feminist Economics · doi:10.1080/13545701.2012.731514 · Cited by 11
Daily parent-adolescent cortisol associations: Unpacking the direction of effects
Lippold, M. A., Molenaar, P. C. M., Lee, S., Chandler, K. D., & Almeida, D. M. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104652 · Cited by 13
The Role of the Strong Black Woman in Black Female Sexual Development
Crooks, N. K., Barrie, R. E., Singer, R. B., & Donenberg, G. R. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02529-2 · Cited by 14
Middle‐aged migrants: Expanding an understanding of lifecourses and linked lives
Lulle, A. (2024) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12483 · Cited by 10
Determinants of sibling relationships in the context of mental disorders
Lecciso, F., Martis, C., Prete, C. M. D., Martino, P., Primiceri, P., & Levante, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322359 · Cited by 10
Understanding Motives for Migration in Working with Immigrant Families
Paat, Y. (2013) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.771521 · Cited by 10
Axxe, E., Hayford, S. R., & Eggum, N. D. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12731 · Cited by 10
Teacher-child racial congruence and young children's preschool adjustment
Knox-Lane, T., Bailey, C. S., Ponnock, A. R., & Denham, S. A. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.12.013 · Cited by 11
Adultification in the context of childhood exposure to domestic violence
Haselschwerdt, M. L., & Tunkle, C. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12970 · Cited by 14
Leak, T. M., Aasand, T. A., VICKERS, Z. M., & Reicks, M. M. (2018) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839918776647 · Cited by 10
Guest, A. M. (2011) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/13573322.2011.555478 · Cited by 10
How Youth Are Put At Risk by Parents’ Low-Wage Jobs
Dodson, L., Albelda, R., Coronado, D. S., & Mtshali, M. T. (2012) · Members-only Library · Cited by 10
Hooper, L. M., Moore, H. M., & Smith, A. K. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.02.003 · Cited by 10
Fines, Fees, and Families: Monetary Sanctions As Stigmatized Intergenerational Exchange
Horowitz, V. L., Larson, R. P., Stewart, R., & Uggen, C. (2024) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2024.2333815 · Cited by 10
Differences and similarities in the occupational repertoires of children from Brazil and Canada
Pontes, T. B., de Almeida, C. P., Polatajko, H. J., & Davis, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2018.1528173 · Cited by 10
Birman, D., Oberoi, A. K., García, M. F., Haarlammert, M., Leiva, M., Lane, A., Culbreth, C. E., Taylor, H., Ruiz-Sorrentini, A. C., & Trickett, E. J. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558420967117 · Cited by 9
Çelik, Ç., & Özdemir, T. (2022) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.13014 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Burton, L.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burton, Linda
- Venue
- Family Relations
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-09-06
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 329-345
- ISSN
- 0197-6664 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3729
- OpenAlex
- W2169267182
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 39.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Family Relations (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- economic disadvantage, low-income households, parentification, child development, conceptual model, children and adolescents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review