The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Money, schooling, and health: Mechanisms and causal evidence
Open accessAbstract
An association between higher educational attainment and better health status has been repeatedly reported in the literature. Similarly, thousands of studies have found a relationship between higher income and better health. However, whether these repeated observations amount to causality remains a challenge, not least because of the practical limitations of randomizing people to receive different amounts of money or schooling. In this essay, we review the potential causal mechanisms linking schooling and income to health, and discuss the twin challenges to causal inference in observational studies, in other words, reverse causation and omitted variable bias. We provide a survey of the empirical attempts to identify the causal effects of schooling and income on health, including natural experiments. There is evidence to suggest that schooling is causally related to improvements in health outcomes. Evidence also suggests that raising the incomes of the poor leads to improvement in their health outcomes. Much remains unknown beyond these crude findings, however; for example, what type of education matters for health, or whether there is a difference between the health impacts of temporary income shocks versus changes in long‐term income.
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The lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance
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Self-citation
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Braveman, P., & Gottlieb, L. (2014) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/00333549141291s206 · Cited by 3,861
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Wang, H., Liddell, C. A., Coates, M. M., Mooney, M. D., Levitz, C. E., Schumacher, A. E., Apfel, H., Iannarone, M., Phillips, B., Lofgren, K. T., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60497-9 · Cited by 799
Metadata
- Authors
- Kawachi, I., Adler, N. E., & Dow, W. H.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 1186
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-68
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W1632399332
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 60
- FWCI
- 25.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
