Conceptualizing Personal and Extrapersonal Associations
Abstract
We recently introduced the term ‘extrapersonal associations’ and defined them as information that is available in memory but that does not contribute to one's attitudes toward a given object (). Here, we review our conceptualization of the term, contrast it to our conceptualization of attitudes as personal associations, and briefly summarize evidence that the Implicit Association Test, as it is traditionally employed, is influenced by extrapersonal associations. We discuss recent critiques of the concept and in so doing, elaborate upon the essence of the personal versus extrapersonal distinction. We conclude with speculations on the nature of extrapersonal associations, their origins, and relationship to attitudes.
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Hahn et al. (2014) found that participants showed high accuracy in predicting their IAT scores regardless of prior experience with the IAT, amount of information received about the IAT, and whether the IAT was introduced as a measure of true beliefs or cultural associations.
“Participants showed high accuracy in predicting their IAT scores regardless of their prior ex- perience with the IAT, regardless of how much information they received about the IAT, and regardless of whether the IAT was introduced as a measure of true beliefs or cultural associa- tions (see Gawronski et al. 2008, Olson et al. 2009).”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Olson et al. 2009
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References 71 · Cited by 29
- Authors
- Olson, M. A., Fazio, R. H., & Han, H. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- ORCID
- Olson, Michael A.
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 152-170
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2058446684
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- personal associations, attitudes, Implicit Association Test, memory, implicit attitudes
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