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Social Relationships and Mortality
Abstract
Abstract Social relationships benefit not only mental health but also physical health. This review addresses the following questions: (1) What is the overall magnitude of the effect of social relationships on risk for premature death? (2) How generalized is the effect and are there factors known to influence this association? (3) What are the likely pathways by which social relationships influence longevity? The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for potential interventions aimed at reducing risk for mortality.
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“increase susceptibility to or worse outcomes from a wide range of physical illnesses [347–351]”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [350]
In the citing paper
“Having a range of good social connections has been identified as an important aspect of successful ageing [12] and is associated with lower mortality rates [13, 14], better health outcomes [15, 16], and higher reported wellbeing [17, 18] and quality of life [19, 20].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
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BackgroundA Typology to Explain Changing Social Networks Post Stroke
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“Those individuals experiencing more supportive relationships have better outcomes on measures of well-being, higher levels of life satisfaction, and lower rates of morbidity and mortality (Collins et al., 2014; Holt-Lunstad & Smith, 2012; Lakey & Orehek, 2011; Uchino, 2009).”
BackgroundSpicksley, K., Kington, A., & Watkins, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703404 · Cited by 16
Multidimensional social support is associated with healthcare utilization among older Mexican adults
Salinas‐Rodríguez, A., Moreno-Tamayo, K. M., Hernández-Serrato, M. I., Enríquez-Rosas, M. D. R., & Manrique-Espinoza, B. S. (2017) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-017-0428-1 · Cited by 16
“Findings suggest that social support is associated not only with mortality in fact, decreasing the probability of dying (Holt-Lunstad et al. 2010; Holt-Lunstad and Smith 2012) and a number of physical health indicators (HoltLunstad et al.”
BackgroundSagiv, I. B., Goldner, L., & Carmel, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955777 · Cited by 19
“, 2015), and at times people’s lifetimes (Holt-Lunstad and Smith, 2012).”
BackgroundSocial Networks, Social Support, and Health
McDowell, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28986-6_9 · Cited by 13
Boyle, A., Boyle, A., WILES, J. L., KEARNS, R. A., WILES, J. L., & KEARNS, R. A. (2015) · 地理科学进展 · doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.12.002 · Cited by 12
Causal conditions for loneliness: a set-theoretic analysis on an adult sample in the UK
Yang, K. (2017) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0482-y · Cited by 14
“For example, the mortality differential between lonely and non-lonely individuals is as high as 50% (Holt-Lunstad and Smith 2012; Luo et al. 2012), the lonely have much higher rates of dementia and depression (Cacioppo et al. 2010; Prieto-Flores et al. 2011), the rate of GP consultation among the…”
BackgroundCarneiro, É. M., Barbosa, L. P. C., Bittencourt, A. C. S., Gómez‐Hernández, C., Timóteo, R. P., Almeida, C. O., & Borges, M. D. F. (2018) · Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0015 · Cited by 12
Hilton, D. C., Canu, W. H., & Jarrett, M. A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2109038 · Cited by 18
“1,12,13 In college students, research indicates that social skills are linked to mental health outcomes like depression, anxiety, and loneliness.”
Hunger‐Schoppe, C., Geigges, J., & Schweitzer, J. (2019) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666406225.269 · Cited by 11
Esterri, J. D., Oliva, Á. D. J., Castilla, F. J. G., & Martínez, R. G. (2022) · Pedagogia Social Revista Interuniversitaria · doi:10.7179/psri_2022.40.03 · Cited by 11
Childhood emotional maltreatment and sensitivity to social rejection in emerging adults
Euteneuer, F., Lass‐Hennemann, J., Pfundmair, M., Salzmann, S., & Kuehl, L. K. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106604 · Cited by 15
Riccio, M. T., Shrout, P. E., & Balcetis, E. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12495 · Cited by 11
Driving Cessation in Old Age: Gender Influences on Mortality
Yu, J., Kahana, E. F., Kahana, B., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264321991254 · Cited by 10
Kumar, A., Mann, T. C., & Gilovich, T. D. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2376 · Cited by 9
Bosle, C., Brenner, H., Fischer, J. E., Jarczok, M. N., Schöttker, B., Perna, L., Hoffmann, K., & Herr, R. M. (2021) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-021-00638-2 · Cited by 9
The affective need to belong: belonging as an affective driver of human religion
Williams, J. R. (2021) · Bijdragen · doi:10.1080/21692327.2021.1978309 · Cited by 9
The Social Determinants of Health in a Community Context: Lessons for Sociological Practice
Knapp, T., & Hall, L. (2018) · The Journal of applied social sciences · doi:10.1177/1936724418785413 · Cited by 7
“However, as Holt-Lunstad and Smith (2012) maintain, many public health officials simply do not know how to strengthen protective social factors and reduce risk-magnifying social factors.”
BackgroundKilian, H. M., Schiller, B., Meyer, D. M., Heinrichs, M., & Schläpfer, T. E. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02712-y · Cited by 9
“Considering that normal social functioning is crucial for a good quality of life [17, 18], reduces the mortality risk [19] and further plays an important role in the long-term stabilization after chronic diseases [20], it can be considered an important therapeutic outcome [9].”
BackgroundIdowu, A. I., & Abe, E. N. (2018) · Journal of Business & Retail Management Research · doi:10.24052/jbrmr/v12is03/art-01 · Cited by 16
Hilton, D. C., Jarrett, M. A., Rondon, A. T., Tutek, J., & Mulla, M. M. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00915-3 · Cited by 10
Leaman, M. C., & Azios, J. H. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00176 · Cited by 8
ChatDashboard: A Framework to collect, link, and process donated WhatsApp Chat Log Data
Kohne, J., & Montag, C. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02276-1 · Cited by 8
Avoiding Crowded Places During COVID-19: Common Sense or a Complex Strategic Decision?
Stroom, M., Eichholtz, P. M. A., & Kok, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700640 · Cited by 13
A social information processing perspective on social connectedness
Hein, G., Huestegge, L., Böckler, A., Deserno, L., Eder, A. B., Hewig, J. S., Andreas Hotho, A., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Leutritz, A. L., Reiter, A. M. F., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105945 · Cited by 11
Neilson, E. C., & Maitland, D. W. M. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100892 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Holt‐Lunstad, J., & Smith, T. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-53
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1833751124
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 12.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- interpersonal relationships, mortality, premature mortality, longevity, social support, mental health, physical health
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