The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 9 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment‐Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: This is the report of an open label clinical trial to evaluate the effects of nabilone, an endocannabinoid receptor agonist, on treatment-resistant nightmares in patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Charts of 47 patients diagnosed with PTSD and having continuing nightmares in spite of conventional antidepressants and hypnotics were reviewed after adjunctive treatment with nabilone was initiated. These patients had been referred to a psychiatric specialist outpatient clinic between 2004 and 2006. The majority of patients (72%) receiving nabilone experienced either cessation of nightmares or a significant reduction in nightmare intensity. Subjective improvement in sleep time, the quality of sleep, and the reduction of daytime flashbacks and nightsweats were also noted by some patients. The results of this study indicate the potential benefits of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in patients with PTSD experiencing poor control of nightmares with standard pharmacotherapy. This is the first report of the use of nabilone (Cesamet; Valeant Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Canada) for the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in PTSD.
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Claims the paper makes
9 Own result · 7 Own method · 5 No full text of the sources · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Sources not found · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-four (72%) patients experienced total cessation or lessening of severity of nightmares (28 patients had total cessation of nightmares and 6 had satisfactory reduction).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaindirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of patients (72%) receiving nabilone experienced either cessation of nightmares or a significant reduction in nightmare intensity.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Thirty-four (72%) patients experienced total cessation or lessening of severity of nightmares (28 patients had total cessation of nightmares and 6 had satisfactory reduction).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Abstract
plaindirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No tolerance to nabilone was observed among the patients.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen (28%) patients experienced mild-to-moderate side effects (shortly following nabilone initiation), leading to discontinuation of nabilone therapy.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaindirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discontinuation of medication was successful in four patients following 4-12 months of nabilone therapy (nightmares did not return or returned at a reduced level, not needing further medication control)”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas the other patients experienced a recurrence of nightmares upon nabilone withdrawal (usually within the first two nights).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-four (72%) patients experienced total cessation or lessening of severity of nightmares (28 patients had total cessation of nightmares and 6 had satisfactory reduction).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Diagnoses for the study were confirmed by DSM-IV-TR criteria using a recognized PTSD questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale [9].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorders. Psychol Assess 1997;9:445-451. source
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients had at least a 2-year history of PTSD-related nightmares that had not responded to conventional therapies (Tables 1 and 2).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A chart review of patients diagnosed with PTSD who were referred to a private psychiatric clinic suggests that the synthetic cannabinoid, nabilone, has beneficial effects beyond its official indication in regard to abolishing or greatly reducing nightmares that persisted in spite of treatment with conventional PTSD medications.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“Nonetheless, on the basis of these retrospective findings, nabilone appears to be a significant treatment for nightmares in the PTSD population.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“The results of this study indicate the potential benefits of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in patients with PTSD experiencing poor control of nightmares with standard pharmacotherapy.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Conclusion
hedgeddirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some cases, the benefits including an improvement in sleep time and a reduction of daytime flashbacks were subjectively noted.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Several patients also stated that they no longer experienced nightsweats while on nabilone.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once effective relief of nightmares was achieved, no further increase in nabilone was necessary (patients' doses remained stable).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average effective dose of nabilone was 0.5 mg one hour before bedtime, with an effective dose range of 0.2 mg to 4.0 mg nightly.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patients were carefully monitored for any adverse reactions.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Drawing on the available data it can be concluded that there is limited but promising evidence for prazosin and olanzapine for managing PTSD nightmares and insomnia” [8].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Van Liempt S, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Westenberg H. Pharmacotherapeutic treatment of nightmares and insomnia in post traumatic stress disorders: An overview of the literature. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1071:502-507. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The author had to rely on subjective reports of nightmare presence and subsequent relief with the use of nabilone since, at present, there is no reliable test to objectively measure the presence or intensity of nightmares.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eligibility for this study stipulated that current nightmare frequency was a minimum of once weekly.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three patients, who initially responded positively, were lost to follow-up.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the control of various behaviors including eating, addiction, and memory and in mediating both anxiolytic effects and pain responses [6][7][8].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Ohayon M, Shapiro C. Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Compr Psychiatry 2000;41:469-478. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Krakow B, Schrader R, Tandberg D, Hollifield M, Koss MP, Yau CL, Cheng DT. Nightmare frequency in sexual assault survivors with PTSD. J Anxiety Disord 2002;16:175-190. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Van Liempt S, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Westenberg H. Pharmacotherapeutic treatment of nightmares and insomnia in post traumatic stress disorders: An overview of the literature. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1071:502-507. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nabilone (Cesamet; Valeant Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Canada), an endocannabinoid receptor (CB 1 and CB 2 ) agonist, has been in use in Europe and Canada for over 25 years and was recently granted approval in the United States for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Kathuria S, Gaetani S, Fegley D, Vali ño F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Mor M, Tarzia G, La Rana G, Calignano A, et al. Modulation of anxiety through blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Nat Med 2003;9:76-81. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All doses were kept below the maximum 6 mg daily, as per the Cesamet (nabilone) product monograph [28].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28] 28. CESAMET TM (nabilone) Product Monograph. Valeant Canada, Ltd. Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2006.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered first-line agents in the pharmacological treatment of PTSD in the United States (e.g., paroxetine and sertraline).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Friedman, M. Post-traumatic and acute stress disorders: The latest assessment and treatment strategies, 4th Edition. Kansas City: Compact Clinicals, 2006; 58-64.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nightmares were considered “treatment-resistant” when these persisted in spite of conventional medications employed for PTSD.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first report of the use of nabilone (Cesamet; Valeant Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Canada) for the management of treatmentresistant nightmares in PTSD.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Abstract
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Previous medications, which ranged from a single SSRI to polypharmacy, were not changed during the study.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of these experiences, there is a definite clinical need for a medication that is effective in treating nightmares related to PTSD, with positive effects on sleep and little potential for side effects or drug interaction.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
At therapeutic doses, nabilone does not produce the psychological high of inhaled marijuana.
“For example, at therapeutic doses, nabilone does not appear to produce the psychological high of inhaled marijuana.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In humans, the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone significantly reduces nightmares and flashbacks in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (Fraser, 2009).”
From Acute stress increases circulating anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in healthy humans (2012) · cites this paper as Fraser, 2009
In the citing paper
“Such findings substantiate, at least in part, emerging evidence that synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists50 or plant-derived cannabinoids such as marijuana51 may possess some benefits in individuals with PTSD by helping relieve haunting nightmares and other symptoms of PTSD.”
From Elevated brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study (2013) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“a recent study demonstrated that a stimulation of EC signaling in patients with PTSD by administration of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone resulted in an improvement of memory-related PTSD symptoms [17].”
From Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and related primary fatty acid amides in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“and the use of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone resulted in an improvement of symptoms [17].”
From Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and related primary fatty acid amides in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“studies in controlled clinical settings confirm that administration of synthetic variants of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive constituent of cannabis, can reduce anxiety in patients with anxiety disorders [7,8]”
From Amygdala FAAH and anandamide: mediating protection and recovery from stress (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In humans, potential benefits of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone were demonstrated in PTSD patients (Fraser, 2009).”
From Cannabinoids prevent the development of behavioral and endocrine alterations in a rat model of intense stress (2012) · cites this paper as Fraser, 2009
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“The identification and cloning of cannabinoid receptors in humans have led to a better understanding of the possible mechanisms of action of nabilone and support its potential use and safety in multiple clinical settings and various patient populations [12–26].”
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“These interventions improved overall symptom severity and sleep quality, concomitant with reduced occurrences of nightmares and hyperarousal symptoms [14 – 16].”
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Nightmares and the Cannabinoids
Mamelak, M. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200114142321 · Cited by 4
“In the case of nabilone, for example, nightmares may return when the drug is discontinued even after a year [2].”
BackgroundObuobi-Donkor, G., Eboreime, E., Shalaby, R., Agyapong, B., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962169 · Cited by 3
“Despite evidence supporting that individual with PTSD use cannabis to mitigate their symptoms (17, 56).”
BackgroundResultVaddiparti, K., Liu, Y., Bottari, S. A., Crump, C., Zhou, Z. H., Wang, Y., Williamson, J. B., & Cook, R. L. (2023) · Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids · doi:10.1159/000534710 · Cited by 4
“These included studies of nabilone (a synthetic THC analogue) [15 – 17], Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [18 – 20], cannabidiol (CBD) [21], and CBD + THC [22 – 26].”
BackgroundResultRichardson, J. D., Cyr, K. S., Jetly, R., Heber, A., Busse, J. W., Balodis, I. M., MacKillop, J. M., Meakin, C., & Marlborough, M. (2019) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0018 · Cited by 4
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“2009; Fraser 2009; Moreira 1 3 et al.”
Medical Cannabis and Psychiatric Disorders: Implications for Psychiatric Nurses
Groh, C. J. (2020) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390320945791 · Cited by 3
“Three of the studies used Nabilone (a synthetic THC-analog; Cameron et al., 2014; Fraser, 2009; Jetly et al., 2015) and one study used oral THC (Roitman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialCannabinoids Modulation of Emotional and Non-Emotional Memory Processes After Stress
Akirav, I., & Portugalov, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2294-9_2 · Cited by 2
“The ECS has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of stress-related emotional disorders [24–27].”
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Anandamide and disease. Role in stress, fear, and PTSD
Ney, L. J., & Matthews, A. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19081-0.00016-0 · Cited by 1
The Endocannabinoid System in PTSD: Molecular Targets for Modulating Fear and Anxiety
Lyndon, S. (2025) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2647-8030 · Cited by 1
“Open-label series and case reports [43] first suggested nabilone could alleviate PTSD-associ - ated nightmares, a finding later supported by the small placebo-controlled crossover trial by Jetly et al. [34].”
Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of medical cannabis in PTSD: a scoping review
Aviram, J., Belobrov, R., Grinapol, S., & Fruchter, E. (2026) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-026-00451-7 · Cited by 1
“…focusing specifically on sleep-related outcomes consistently reported substantial reductions in nightmare frequency and improvements in PSQI or insomnia-related measures, with 72%−97% of patients reporting meaningful benefit in some cohorts (Sznitman et al. 2022; Nacasch et al. 2023; Fraser 2009).”
Dronabinol for nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Roepke, S., Schoofs, N., Priebe, K., Wülfing, F., Meyer, K., Gieselmann, A., Stieglbauer, K., Gómez, M. G., Biedermann, S. V., Gallinat, J., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04546-9 · Cited by 1
“%) experienced either marked reduction or complete cessation of nightmares 27 .”
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders
Akirav, I. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/18405 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, it has been recently shown that the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone has beneficial effects in PTSD patients in regard to abolishing or greatly reducing nightmares that persisted in spite of treatment with conventional PTSD medications (Fraser, 2009).”
BackgroundEndocannabinoids and Monoamines: Modulating the Modulators
Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7940-6_1 · Cited by 1
Beneficial Effects of Cannabis and Related Compounds on Sleep
Linares, I. M. P., Crippa, J. A. S., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00106-x · Cited by 1
Brain Changes during Cannabis-Induced Psychosis: Clarifying the Marijuana Medicine/Harm Dichotomy
Flor-Henry, P., & Shapiro, Y. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20180009 · Cited by 1
“Even though limited studies indicate the potential usefulness of synthetic cannabinoids (nabilone) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related sleep dysfunction [4] marijuana use has been shown to exacerbate the course of PTSD [5] as well as psychotic and anxiety disorders ([6]).”
BackgroundModulation of the Core Neural Network in Stress: The Role of Endocannabinoids and LTD
Bennett, M. R., & Lagopoulos, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91116-8_5 · Cited by 1
Cannabidiol in the context of sleeping disorders-induced oxidative stress
Jîtcă, G., Ősz, B. E., Rusz, C.-M., Puşcaş, A., Tero-Vescan, A., Bătrînu, M.-G., & Ștefănescu, R. (2022) · Acta Marisiensis. Seria Medica · doi:10.2478/amma-2022-0023 · Cited by 1
The treatment of post-traumatic nightmares requires more attention
Kim, E. S., & Kang, C. (2023) · Drugs & Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1007/s40267-023-00988-0 · Cited by 1
“Nabilone Open-label study in pts with treatment-resistant nightmares in PTSD (n = 47) [28] Nabilone 0.”
BackgroundScarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.21 · Cited by 1
Trauma and Addiction—How to Treat Co-occurring PTSD and Substance Use Disorders
Vojvoda, D., & Petrakis, I. L. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-54856-4.00013-4 · Cited by 1
From Bud to Brain: A Psychiatrist's View of Marijuana
Cermak, T. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653428 · Cited by 1
Cannabinoid-Based Medicine: Pharmacology and Drug Interactions
Davis, M. P. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89918-9_2 · Cited by 2
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
O’Brien, K., & Blair, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78559-8_7 · Cited by 1
Martin‐Willett, R., Master, A., Bidwell, L. C., & Sznitman, S. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67928-6_70-1 · Cited by 2
Cannabinoids and the brain: New hopes for new therapies
Fernández‐Ruíz, J., Hernández, M., & García‐Movellán, Y. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118451281.ch6 · Cited by 1
Malan‐Müller, S. (2014) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1
Employee Health and Corporate Innovation Evidence from Medical Cannabis LegalizationPreprint
Thompson, L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4189881
Substance Abuse: Cannabis‐Related Disorders
Nordstrom, B. R., Akerman, S. C., & LEVIN, F. R. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch74
Changes of endocannabinoid plasma levels following type I trauma
von Heimendahl, J. (2012)
Orthosteric and allosteric probes for cannabinoid receptors
Tichkule, R. B. (2012) · doi:10.17760/d20002784
Trastorno por estrés postraumático y tratamiento psicoterapéutico de las pesadillas
Martinez, N. T. (2009) · Investigaciones en Seguridad Social y Salud · doi:10.56085/20277970.143
“Otros medicamentos que prometen algún beneficio en el tratamiento de los trastornos del sueño y las pesadillas son el prazosín (33), la nabilona (39-41) y el topiramato (37,38).”
BackgroundPractical Aspects of Discussing Marijuana in a New Era
LeNoue, S. R., Wongngamnit, N., & Thurstone, C. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000189
Chau, C. K.-L., Lau, A., Sham, P. C., & So, H.-C. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/648113
Translational Medicine Strategies in PTSD Drug Development
Stein, D. J., Daniels, W. M. U., & Harvey, B. H. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803161-2.00026-6
Exploring Novel Treatment Approaches for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Murkar, A. (2020) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-24279
“More recently, synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone has been demonstrated to effectively reduce the frequency of nightmares in sufferers of PTSD [355,356].”
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Medical marijuana in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms
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The Science and Art of Healing
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Psychotropic medication use in the Armed Forces: prescription patterns and treatment after trauma
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Approved Cannabinoid Medicines for Therapeutic Use
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Rapid Eye Movement Parasomnias
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“…(RLS) is a sensorimotor neurological disorder characterized by an unpleasant urge to move 1 3 including narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia [14, 94], preliminary data that points to wakefulness-promoting properties of CBD and REM suppressing qualities of THC [38, 91, 98] warrant translational…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fraser, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Armed Forces (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fraser, George A.
- Venue
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-13
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-88
- ISSN
- 1755-5930 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-5949
- PMC
- PMC6494011
- OpenAlex
- W2019432331
- Semantic Scholar
- b314e6338c8468983f092432a6081353c1c73444
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Keywords
- nabilone, post-traumatic stress disorder, nightmares, synthetic cannabinoids, adjunctive pharmacotherapy, sleep quality, flashbacks
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cannabinoids, Dreams, Drug Resistance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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