The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 9 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment‐Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: This is the report of an open label clinical trial to evaluate the effects of nabilone, an endocannabinoid receptor agonist, on treatment-resistant nightmares in patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Charts of 47 patients diagnosed with PTSD and having continuing nightmares in spite of conventional antidepressants and hypnotics were reviewed after adjunctive treatment with nabilone was initiated. These patients had been referred to a psychiatric specialist outpatient clinic between 2004 and 2006. The majority of patients (72%) receiving nabilone experienced either cessation of nightmares or a significant reduction in nightmare intensity. Subjective improvement in sleep time, the quality of sleep, and the reduction of daytime flashbacks and nightsweats were also noted by some patients. The results of this study indicate the potential benefits of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in patients with PTSD experiencing poor control of nightmares with standard pharmacotherapy. This is the first report of the use of nabilone (Cesamet; Valeant Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Canada) for the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in PTSD.
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9 Own result · 7 Own method · 5 No full text of the sources · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Sources not found · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-four (72%) patients experienced total cessation or lessening of severity of nightmares (28 patients had total cessation of nightmares and 6 had satisfactory reduction).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaindirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of patients (72%) receiving nabilone experienced either cessation of nightmares or a significant reduction in nightmare intensity.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Thirty-four (72%) patients experienced total cessation or lessening of severity of nightmares (28 patients had total cessation of nightmares and 6 had satisfactory reduction).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Abstract
plaindirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No tolerance to nabilone was observed among the patients.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen (28%) patients experienced mild-to-moderate side effects (shortly following nabilone initiation), leading to discontinuation of nabilone therapy.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaindirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discontinuation of medication was successful in four patients following 4-12 months of nabilone therapy (nightmares did not return or returned at a reduced level, not needing further medication control)”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas the other patients experienced a recurrence of nightmares upon nabilone withdrawal (usually within the first two nights).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-four (72%) patients experienced total cessation or lessening of severity of nightmares (28 patients had total cessation of nightmares and 6 had satisfactory reduction).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Diagnoses for the study were confirmed by DSM-IV-TR criteria using a recognized PTSD questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale [9].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorders. Psychol Assess 1997;9:445-451. source
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients had at least a 2-year history of PTSD-related nightmares that had not responded to conventional therapies (Tables 1 and 2).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A chart review of patients diagnosed with PTSD who were referred to a private psychiatric clinic suggests that the synthetic cannabinoid, nabilone, has beneficial effects beyond its official indication in regard to abolishing or greatly reducing nightmares that persisted in spite of treatment with conventional PTSD medications.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“Nonetheless, on the basis of these retrospective findings, nabilone appears to be a significant treatment for nightmares in the PTSD population.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“The results of this study indicate the potential benefits of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in patients with PTSD experiencing poor control of nightmares with standard pharmacotherapy.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Conclusion
hedgeddirectn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some cases, the benefits including an improvement in sleep time and a reduction of daytime flashbacks were subjectively noted.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Several patients also stated that they no longer experienced nightsweats while on nabilone.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once effective relief of nightmares was achieved, no further increase in nabilone was necessary (patients' doses remained stable).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average effective dose of nabilone was 0.5 mg one hour before bedtime, with an effective dose range of 0.2 mg to 4.0 mg nightly.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patients were carefully monitored for any adverse reactions.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Drawing on the available data it can be concluded that there is limited but promising evidence for prazosin and olanzapine for managing PTSD nightmares and insomnia” [8].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Van Liempt S, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Westenberg H. Pharmacotherapeutic treatment of nightmares and insomnia in post traumatic stress disorders: An overview of the literature. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1071:502-507. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The author had to rely on subjective reports of nightmare presence and subsequent relief with the use of nabilone since, at present, there is no reliable test to objectively measure the presence or intensity of nightmares.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eligibility for this study stipulated that current nightmare frequency was a minimum of once weekly.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three patients, who initially responded positively, were lost to follow-up.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Results
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the control of various behaviors including eating, addiction, and memory and in mediating both anxiolytic effects and pain responses [6][7][8].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Ohayon M, Shapiro C. Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Compr Psychiatry 2000;41:469-478. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Krakow B, Schrader R, Tandberg D, Hollifield M, Koss MP, Yau CL, Cheng DT. Nightmare frequency in sexual assault survivors with PTSD. J Anxiety Disord 2002;16:175-190. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Van Liempt S, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Westenberg H. Pharmacotherapeutic treatment of nightmares and insomnia in post traumatic stress disorders: An overview of the literature. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1071:502-507. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nabilone (Cesamet; Valeant Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Canada), an endocannabinoid receptor (CB 1 and CB 2 ) agonist, has been in use in Europe and Canada for over 25 years and was recently granted approval in the United States for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Kathuria S, Gaetani S, Fegley D, Vali ño F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Mor M, Tarzia G, La Rana G, Calignano A, et al. Modulation of anxiety through blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Nat Med 2003;9:76-81. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All doses were kept below the maximum 6 mg daily, as per the Cesamet (nabilone) product monograph [28].”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28] 28. CESAMET TM (nabilone) Product Monograph. Valeant Canada, Ltd. Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2006.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered first-line agents in the pharmacological treatment of PTSD in the United States (e.g., paroxetine and sertraline).”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Friedman, M. Post-traumatic and acute stress disorders: The latest assessment and treatment strategies, 4th Edition. Kansas City: Compact Clinicals, 2006; 58-64.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nightmares were considered “treatment-resistant” when these persisted in spite of conventional medications employed for PTSD.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first report of the use of nabilone (Cesamet; Valeant Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Canada) for the management of treatmentresistant nightmares in PTSD.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Abstract
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Previous medications, which ranged from a single SSRI to polypharmacy, were not changed during the study.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of these experiences, there is a definite clinical need for a medication that is effective in treating nightmares related to PTSD, with positive effects on sleep and little potential for side effects or drug interaction.”
§ The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) > Background
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
At therapeutic doses, nabilone does not produce the psychological high of inhaled marijuana.
“For example, at therapeutic doses, nabilone does not appear to produce the psychological high of inhaled marijuana.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In humans, the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone significantly reduces nightmares and flashbacks in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (Fraser, 2009).”
From Acute stress increases circulating anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in healthy humans (2012) · cites this paper as Fraser, 2009
In the citing paper
“Such findings substantiate, at least in part, emerging evidence that synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists50 or plant-derived cannabinoids such as marijuana51 may possess some benefits in individuals with PTSD by helping relieve haunting nightmares and other symptoms of PTSD.”
From Elevated brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study (2013) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“a recent study demonstrated that a stimulation of EC signaling in patients with PTSD by administration of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone resulted in an improvement of memory-related PTSD symptoms [17].”
From Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and related primary fatty acid amides in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“and the use of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone resulted in an improvement of symptoms [17].”
From Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and related primary fatty acid amides in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“studies in controlled clinical settings confirm that administration of synthetic variants of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive constituent of cannabis, can reduce anxiety in patients with anxiety disorders [7,8]”
From Amygdala FAAH and anandamide: mediating protection and recovery from stress (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In humans, potential benefits of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone were demonstrated in PTSD patients (Fraser, 2009).”
From Cannabinoids prevent the development of behavioral and endocrine alterations in a rat model of intense stress (2012) · cites this paper as Fraser, 2009
Citations
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Devane, W. A., Dysarz, F. A., Johnson, M. R., Melvin, L. S., & Howlett, A. C. (1988) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09876-1 · Cited by 2,443 · cited 1×
“The identification and cloning of cannabinoid receptors in humans have led to a better understanding of the possible mechanisms of action of nabilone and support its potential use and safety in multiple clinical settings and various patient populations [12–26].”
BackgroundThe Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy
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The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories
Marsicano, G., Wotjak, C. T., Azad, S. C., Bisogno, T., Rammes, G., Cascio, M. G., Hermann, H., Tang, J., Hofmann, C., Zieglgänsberger, W., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00839 · Cited by 1,728
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Van Ameringen M, 2009, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Canada, CNS Neurosci & Ther
- Friedman M, 2006, Post‐traumatic and acute stress disorders: The latest assessment and treatment strategies, 4th Edition, 58
- Bartolucci G, 2004, Nabilone and posttraumatic stress disorder in a user of therapeutic marijuana, Four Zero One Pharma
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 277
Cannabinoids as therapeutic for PTSD
Loflin, M., Babson, K. A., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.12.001 · Cited by 44
Locci, A., & Pinna, G. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.014 · Cited by 42
Investigational drugs under development for the treatment of PTSD
Ragen, B., Seidel, J., Chollak, C., Pietrzak, R. H., & Neumeister, A. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.2015.1020109 · Cited by 37
“Two studies have used the synthetic CB1 agonist, nabilone, to treat PTSD-related sleep disruptions and nightmares [41,42].”
BackgroundBatista, L. A., Gobira, P. H., Viana, T. G., de Aguiar, D. C., & Moreira, F. A. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000073 · Cited by 38
“Finally, is the endocannabinoid system dysfunctional in anxiety disorders and is this mechanism of action more efficacious against a specific type of anxiety- or trauma-related disorder, among GAD, panic disorder, or PTSD?”
BackgroundAddictive potential of novel treatments for refractory depression and anxiety
Kolar, D. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s167538 · Cited by 37
“An open-label clinical trial on using nabilone in 47 patients diagnosed with PTSD demonstrated that adjunctive use of nabilone (CesametTM) resulted in a significant reduction in nightmare intensity and improvement in the quality of sleep.(40) In 2015, a group of Canadian military psychiatrists published a randomized p…”
Papini, S., Sullivan, G. M., Hien, D. A., Shvil, E., & Neria, Y. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.10.010 · Cited by 37
“Clinical case reports (Fraser, 2009; Passie, Emrich, Karst, Brandt, & Halpern, 2012), a small open label study (Roitman, Mechoulam, Cooper-Kazaz, & Shalev, 2014), and a review of patient charts in New Mexico’s Medical Cannabis Program (Greer, Grob, & Halberstadt, 2014) suggest some individuals with…”
BackgroundRamot, A., & Akirav, I. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.03.003 · Cited by 36
“Clinical and preclinical data suggests that cannabinoid receptors are a realistic target in the development of a novel class of agent for the pharmacotherapy of anxiety and stress-related disorders (Fraser, 2009; Hill et al., 2009a; Hill et al., 2009b).”
BackgroundCannabis – the Israeli perspective
Mechoulam, R. (2015) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0091 · Cited by 40
Bahji, A., Meyyappan, A. C., & Hawken, E. R. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.030 · Cited by 39
The Long-Term, Prospective, Therapeutic Impact of Cannabis on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Brunstetter, M., Simonian, A., Loflin, M., Vandrey, R. G., Babson, K. A., & Wortzel, H. S. (2020) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2020.0056 · Cited by 39
Drug discovery strategies that focus on the endocannabinoid signaling system in psychiatric disease
Wyrofsky, R. R., McGonigle, P., & Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.2014.966680 · Cited by 35
“Rats exposed to a footshock followed by situational reminders, which is a potential model for PTSD, exhibit impaired extinction of the traumatic memory and increased CB1r levels in the hippocampus (CA1) and PFC, and these alterations were prevented by WIN 55,212-2 administration following exposure to the traumatic eve…”
BackgroundInfluentialTull, M. T., McDermott, M. J., & Gratz, K. L. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.014 · Cited by 38
“For example, Fraser (2009) found that nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, resulted in either a cessation of nightmares or a significant reduction in nightmare intensity among PTSD patients with treatment-resistant nightmares.”
BackgroundThe Endocannabinoid System: A New Treatment Target for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
Kayser, R. R., Snorrason, Í., Haney, M., Lee, F. S., & Simpson, H. B. (2019) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2018.0049 · Cited by 36
Pharmacological Management of Nightmares Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Geldenhuys, C., van den Heuvel, L. L., Steyn, P., & Seedat, S. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00929-x · Cited by 39
“was assessed as adjunctive therapy to standard treatment in a pilot open-label clinical trial in patients with treatment-resistant nightmares in PTSD (n = 47) [113].”
MethodReyes, B. A. S., Szot, P., Sikkema, C. L., Cathel, A. M., Kirby, L. G., & Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.05.016 · Cited by 35
“The use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).”
BackgroundInfluentialAisenberg, N., Serova, L. I., Sabban, E. L., & Akirav, I. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.06.006 · Cited by 33
“Recent clinical (Fraser, 2009; Hauer et al., 2013; Roitman et al., 2014) and preclinical studies pointed the eCB system as a possible therapeutic target to treat both the emotional and cognitive dysfunctions characterizing PTSD (Ganon-Elazar and Akirav, 2012; Trezza and Campolongo, 2013).”
BackgroundAgorastos, A., Kellner, M., Baker, D. G., & Otte, C. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000079 · Cited by 33
“The close connection between chronodisruption, PTSD and endocannabinoids is also demonstrated by nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, which was found efficacious in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in PTSD [134].”
BackgroundCirculating endocannabinoids and psychological outcomes in women with PTSD
Botsford, C., Brellenthin, A. G., Cisler, J. M., Hillard, C. J., Koltyn, K. F., & Crombie, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102656 · Cited by 29
Shishko, I., Oliveira, R., Moore, T. A., & Almeida, K. (2018) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2018.03.086 · Cited by 35
“participants experiencing significant subjective improvement in nightmare intensity, sleep time, quality of sleep, and daytime flashbacks.(32) A retrospective evaluation of 104 male inmates with serious mental illness also showed significant improvement in PTSD-associated symptoms, such as nightmares and insomnia.”
BackgroundEndocannabinoids, stress signaling, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system
Wyrofsky, R. R., Reyes, B. A. S., Zhang, X.-Y., Bhatnagar, S., Kirby, L. G., & Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2019) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100176 · Cited by 31
“nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, results in improved sleep quality and diminished traumatic flashbacks in PTSD treatment-resistant patients, and can improve chronic pain, nightmares, and insomnia associated with PTSD (Fraser, 2009; Cameron et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTranslation of animal endocannabinoid models of PTSD mechanisms to humans: Where to next?
Ney, L. J., Crombie, K. M., Mayo, L. M., Felmingham, K. L., Bowser, T. A., & Matthews, A. J. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.040 · Cited by 30
Shoshan, N., & Akirav, I. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.08.004 · Cited by 33
“Recent clinical (Fraser, 2009; Hauer et al., 2013; Roitman, Mechoulam, Cooper-Kazaz, & Shalev, 2014) and preclinical (Ganon-Elazar & Akirav, 2012; Hill & Gorzalka, 2009; Korem & Akirav, 2014; Lutz, Marsicano, Maldonado, & Hillard, 2015; Moreira & Wotjak, 2010) studies pointed the…”
Murkar, A., Kent, P., Cayer, C., James, J., Durst, T., & Merali, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00174 · Cited by 29
“More recently, synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone has been demonstrated to effectively reduce the frequency of nightmares in sufferers of PTSD (Fraser, 2009; Cameron et al., 2014).”
BackgroundZubedat, S., & Akirav, I. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.01.011 · Cited by 32
“However, insular hyperactivity was consistently observed in PTSD patients (Etkin and Wager, 2007; Simmons et al., 2008). mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase involved in synaptic plasticity and memory processes (Hoeffer and Klann, 2010), and through the formation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), exerts a crucial role in the r…”
BackgroundInfluentialGasparyan, A., Navarro, D., Navarrete, F., & Manzanares, J. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109211 · Cited by 34
Targeting the Endocannabinoid System in Psychiatric Illness
Katzman, M. A., Furtado, M., & Anand, L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000581 · Cited by 30
“The synthetic cannabinoid nabilonewas assessed in an openlabel clinical trial of 47 PTSD patients, who had not responded to conventional therapies (antidepressants and hypnotics), currently experiencing recurrent nightmares for a minimum of 2 years.(140) In this study, patients were started at a dose of 0.”
MethodPTSD and Cannabis-Related Coping Among Recent Veterans in New York City
Elliott, L. C., Golub, A. L., Bennett, A. S., & Guarino, H. (2015) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/0091450915570309 · Cited by 32
“One recent study found that over 70% of their sample of patients with PTSD experienced considerable binoid receptor agonist (Fraser, 2009).”
BackgroundPillai, M., Erridge, S., Bapir, L., Nicholas, M., Dalavaye, N., Holvey, C., Coomber, R., Barros, D. A. R., Bhoskar, U., Mwimba, G., et al. (2022) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2155139 · Cited by 28
Fattore, L., Piva, A., Zanda, M. T., Fumagalli, G. F., & Chiamulera, C. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4793-4 · Cited by 26
“Nabilone Significantly reduces (if not eliminates) nightmare intensity, increases time and subjective quality of sleep and may reduce the number of daytime flashbacks and night sweats in PTSD patients (Fraser 2009; Cameron et al. 2014) and military staff (Jetly et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialCannabis use disorder treatment barriers and facilitators among veterans with PTSD.
Bujarski, S. J., Galang, J. N., Short, N. A., et al. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000131 · Cited by 27
Maddison, K. J., Kosky, C. A., & Walsh, J. H. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s340949 · Cited by 27
“The earliest published case series included 47 patients of a psychiatric clinic with PTSDrelated nightmares at least once weekly, despite treatment.(65) Patients recorded sleep and nightmare frequency for at least one week prior to starting treatment.”
BackgroundLake, S., Kerr, T. H., Buxton, J. A., Walsh, Z., Marshall, B. D. L., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119882806 · Cited by 32
“dizziness, short-term memory impairments) (Fraser, 2009).”
BackgroundMedicinal cannabis for psychiatry-related conditions: an overview of current Australian prescribing
Cairns, E. A., Benson, M. J., Bedoya‐Pérez, M. A., Macphail, S. L., Mohan, A., Cohen, R., Sachdev, P. S., & McGregor, I. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1142680 · Cited by 27
“…with PTSD (Loflin et al., 2017), which is reported to provide symptomatic relief, particularly with respect to sleep and nightmares/flashbacks (Fraser, 2009; Passie et al., 2012); however, some studies suggest detrimental effects of cannabis use on PTSD symptom severity (Wilkinson et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialMüller‐Vahl, K. (2024) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2256-0098 · Cited by 27
Mining social media data on marijuana use for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Dai, H. D., & Hao, J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.064 · Cited by 25
Proserpio, P., Terzaghi, M., Manni, R., & Nobili, L. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.02.003 · Cited by 25
Acute effect of vaporized Cannabis on sleep and electrocortical activity
Mondino, A., Cavelli, M., González, J., Santana, N., Castro‐Zaballa, S., Mechoso, B., Bracesco, N., Fernandez, S., García‐Carnelli, C., Castro, M. J., et al. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.012 · Cited by 27
“In fact, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients receiving Nabilone (a synthetic CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist) experienced either cessation or a significant reduction in nightmare intensity (Cameron et al., 2014; Fraser, 2009).”
Effects of single swim stress on changes in TRPV1-mediated plasticity in the amygdala
Kulisch, C., & Albrecht, D. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.003 · Cited by 24
Endocannabinoid System as Therapeutic Target of PTSD: A Systematic Review
Steardo, L., Carbone, E. A., Menculini, G., Moretti, P., Steardo, L., & Tortorella, A. A. V. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11030214 · Cited by 24
“Fraser [38] 2009, Canada 2 years of clinical observation; flexible duration of treatment with nabilone (depending on the clinical response) Non-randomized, open-label study Grade: *** N = 47 (27 F, 20 M); mean age 44 ± 9; DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of PTSD, treatment-resistant nightmares Nabilone 0.”
BackgroundMethodBennett, M. R., Arnold, J. C., Hatton, S. N., & Lagopoulos, J. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.029 · Cited by 22
“There is some evidence for this as the synthetic CB1R agonist Nabilone, when taken orally by those suffering from PTSD, significantly reduces nightmares and insomnia in at least a cohort of these patients (Cameron et al., 2014; Fraser, 2009; Jetly et al., 2015).”
Concise Review: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Postnatal Injury-Induced Enteric Neurogenesis
Jonscher, R. L., & Belkind‐Gerson, J. (2019) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.3045 · Cited by 22
Medical cannabis for treatment-resistant combat PTSD
Nacasch, N., Avni, C., & Toren, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1014630 · Cited by 23
Feingold, D., Zerach, G., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-0012-8 · Cited by 23
“In addition, it has been reported that some war veterans believe that cannabis use may relieve PTSS (Earleywine and Bolles 2014), while individuals with PTSD report they used cannabis in order to cope with distress and improve sleep quality (Bonn-Miller et al. 2014; Bonn-Miller et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialRoss, J. A., & Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14714 · Cited by 20
“Recent clinical studies indicate that the endocannabinoid system could be an ideal target to treat both the emotional and cognitive components that characterize PTSD (Fraser, 2009; Hauer et al., 2013, 2014; Neumeister et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUse of cannabinoids for the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder
Forsythe, M. L., & Boileau, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0279 · Cited by 20
“However, some patients occasionally experience symptoms causing them to discontinue treatment, although this is not a common occurrence [15, 59].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSkeie-Larsen, M., Stave, R., Grønli, J., Bjorvatn, B., Wilhelmsen‐Langeland, A., Zandi, A., & Pallesen, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010777 · Cited by 24
“However, it has also reduced PTSD-related nightmares [63].”
BackgroundEffects of Cannabis Consumption on Sleep
Mondino, A., Cavelli, M., González, J., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., Torterolo, P., & Falconi, A. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61663-2_11 · Cited by 24
Posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep and medical cannabis treatment: A daily diary study
Sznitman, S. R., Meiri, D., Amit, B. H., Rosenberg, D., & Greene, T. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102632 · Cited by 20
Marchetta, E., Mancini, G. F., Morena, M., & Campolongo, P. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666221207162750 · Cited by 17
“Oral nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, prior to bedtime, was proven to reduce the frequency and intensity of nightmares in PTSD patients [176, 177].”
BackgroundBlount, H. L., Dee, J., Wu, L., Schwendt, M., & Knackstedt, L. A. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114090 · Cited by 19
Cannabis and sleep disorders: not ready for prime time? A qualitative scoping review
Amaral, C., Gonzaga, C. C., Scaranelo, A. M., Chapman, K. R., Chatkin, J. M., & Ferreira, I. M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10428 · Cited by 19
Medical Cannabis for the Primary Care Physician
Slawek, D. E., Meenrajan, S. R., Alois, M., Barker, P. C., Estores, I. M., & Cook, R. L. (2019) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150132719884838 · Cited by 19
Replication and Expansion of “Best Practice Guide for the Treatment of Nightmare Disorder in Adults”
Cranston, C. C., Davis, J. L., Rhudy, J. L., & Favorite, T. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.1330 · Cited by 18
Kondev, V., Winters, N. D., & Patel, S. (2021) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.09.007 · Cited by 21
Cannabinoids and Sleep: Exploring Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials
D’Angelo, M., & Steardo, L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073603 · Cited by 23
“However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the study by Fraser et al. [76], such as the small sample size in the RCT and the open-label design.”
BackgroundSbarski, B., & Akirav, I. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.008 · Cited by 17
Zer‐Aviv, T. M., Islami, L., Hamilton, P. J., Parise, E. M., Nestler, E. J., Sbarski, B., & Akirav, I. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10081789 · Cited by 16
Brucki, S. M. D., Adoni, T., de Almeida, C. M. O., de Andrade, D. C., Anghinah, R., BARBOSA, L. M., Bazán, R., Carvalho, A. A. D. S., CARVALHO, W., Christo, P. P., et al. (2021) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0432 · Cited by 18
Murkar, A., Kendzerska, T., Shlik, J., Quilty, L. C., Saad, M., & Robillard, R. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04185-7 · Cited by 18
Jacobs, R. J., Colon, J., & Kane, M. N. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.28336 · Cited by 15
“as an anti-emetic and analgesic for pain) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, muscle spasms, and epilepsy among other medical conditions [1-15].”
BackgroundEffects of Cannabis on PTSD Recovery: Review of the Literature and Clinical Insights
Bedard‐Gilligan, M. A., Lehinger, E. A., Cornell-Maier, S., Holloway, A., & Zoellner, L. A. (2022) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-022-00414-x · Cited by 18
“1 3 reports from open trials that individuals experience a recurrence of symptoms after cannabinoids are withdrawn [80].”
BackgroundInfluentialWyrofsky, R. R., Reyes, B. A. S., & Bockstaele, E. J. V. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1381-7 · Cited by 15
“For example, the inability to extinguish aversive and fearful memories coupled with repeated re-consolidation of these 1 3 memories in limbic circuits underlies the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders (Jovanovic and Ressler 2010; Lehner et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurobiology of suicidal behavior in post-traumatic stress disorder
Sher, L. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.114 · Cited by 14
Drug treatment strategies for insomnia in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder
Akinnusi, M. E., & Solh, A. A. E. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1574745 · Cited by 15
“time) improved sleep time and reduced daytime flashbacks [90].”
BackgroundMohamed, A., Touheed, S., Ahmed, M., Hor, M., & Fatima, S. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30919 · Cited by 17
“These results support the preliminary findings from previous nabilone studies in 47 PTSD patients who participated in an open-label chart review study [59] and 104 male inmates who participated in a retrospective study [60], both of which found that the drug had positive effects on a number of PTSD symptoms, particula…”
ResultCannabis Use and Psychiatric Disorders: Implications for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment
Halah, M. P., Zochniak, M. P., Barr, M. S., & George, T. P. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0128-5 · Cited by 13
A Review of Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Katz, C., Stein, M. B., Don, J., Seedat, S., & Saree, J. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/23234 · Cited by 13
“Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid substance was also evaluated as a potential treatment for individuals whose PTSD-related nightmares were resistant to treatment for at least two years (Fraser, 2009).”
BackgroundKayser, R. R., Senter, M. S., Tobet, R., Raskin, M., Patel, S. R., & Simpson, H. B. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100664 · Cited by 12
Gao, B., Qu, Y.-C., Cai, M., Zhang, Y.-Y., Lu, H., Li, H.-X., Tang, Y., & Shen, H. (2023) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.joim.2023.06.006 · Cited by 12
Proserpio, P., Terzaghi, M., Manni, R., & Nobili, L. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.014 · Cited by 10
Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat haunting traumatic memories
Akirav, I. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00124 · Cited by 11
Clinical Approaches to Cannabis
Slawek, D. E., Curtis, S. A., Arnsten, J. H., & Cunningham, C. O. (2021) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.004 · Cited by 11
Ragnhildstveit, A., Kaiyo, M., Snyder, M. B., Jackson, L. K., Lopez, A., Mayo, C., Miranda, A. C., August, R. J., Seli, P., Robison, R. J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1051542 · Cited by 10
Sun, M., & Alkon, D. L. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000045 · Cited by 11
“Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, has been found to lead to either cessation of nightmares or reduction in nightmare intensity in the majority of PTSD patients in one clinical trial (Fraser, 2009).”
BackgroundTheranostic pharmacology in PTSD: Neurobiology and timing
Koek, R. J., & Luong, T. N. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.001 · Cited by 10
“Benefit was found for insomnia and nightmares in two chart review studies (Fraser, 2009; Cameron et al., 2014).”
Ney, L. J., Akóṣílè, W., Davey, C. G., Pitcher, L., Felmingham, K. L., Mayo, L. M., Hill, M. N., & Strodl, E. S. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2276309 · Cited by 9
“However, THC without CBD has been shown to relieve nightmares in PTSD [86,88], which was achieved under medical supervision, suggesting that medically supervised dosing schedules are likely beneficial above uncontrolled patient use for symptom management.”
BackgroundBalter, R. E., & Haney, M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00099-5 · Cited by 10
The Endocannabinoid System in Prefrontal Synaptopathies
Scheyer, A. F., Martin, H. G. S., & Manzoni, O. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57371-7_7 · Cited by 10
Monti, J. M., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2022) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000494 · Cited by 12
“Some patients also showed improvements in total sleep time, sleep quality or night sweats, or a reduction in daytime flashbacks.(28) In a further study of the impact of cannabis extracts on sleeprelated effects, combinations of THC and CBDwere evaluated for their influence on nocturnal sleep, memory, early-morning per…”
BackgroundThe Construct of Medical and Non-Medical Marijuana—Critical Review
Silczuk, A., Smułek, D., Kołodziej, M., & Gujska, J. H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052769 · Cited by 9
“[64] A retrospective chart review study by Greer et al.”
BackgroundUpdates on Pharmacological Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Koirala, R., Søegaard, E. G. I., & Thapa, S. B. (2017) · Journal of Nepal Medical Association · doi:10.31729/jnma.3108 · Cited by 9
Fellman, V., Heppell, P. J., & Rao, S. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.09.002 · Cited by 8
Cannabidiol or CBD Oil: Help, Hope, and Hype for Psychiatric and Neurologic Conditions
Newton, M., & Newton, D. W. (2020) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390320929410 · Cited by 8
“A noncontrolled study of 47 persons with PTSD treated with nabilone at up to 6 mg daily until improvement resulted in reduced frequency or absence of nightmares in 34 of them (Fraser, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodThe relationship between nightmares and depression in adolescents: the effect of age and anxiety
Li, Y., Duan, X., Han, L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1408037 · Cited by 7
“Importantly, preliminary studies suggest that treatment with cannabinoids may reduce nightmares (33).”
Scott, C., Hall, S., Zhou, J., & Lehmann, C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13010227 · Cited by 7
“Their results found that 72% of patients experience total cessation or lessening of the severity of PTSI-associated nightmares, and some patients reported a reduction in daytime flashbacks [69].”
BackgroundCannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Dagan, Y., & Yager, J. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001172 · Cited by 7
Roepke, S., Schoofs, N., Priebe, K., Wülfing, F., Schmahl, C. G., Röhle, R., Zähringer, J., Lotter, T., Otte, C., & Koglin, S. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04818-5 · Cited by 7
“5-6 mg/day) at bedtime reduced nightmares in patients with PTSD, 34 out of 47 patients exhibiting either total cessation or significant reduction in nightmares [11].”
BackgroundThe endocannabinoid system and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A new narrative
Ney, L. J., Crombie, K. M., & Mayo, L. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90877-1.00013-9 · Cited by 7
Portugalov, A., & Akirav, I. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22020730 · Cited by 8
Cannabinoid-Based Drugs: Potential Applications in Addiction and Other Mental Disorders
Don, W., & Piomelli, D. (2015) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20150009 · Cited by 7
Understanding the Role of Endocannabinoids in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Ney, L. J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26125527 · Cited by 6
“The first such study, Fraser [304], examined the medical records of PTSD patients who had been prescribed THC for the treatment of nightmares.”
Therapeutic uses of Cannabis sativa L. Current state and future perspectives
Fraguas‐Sánchez, A. I., & Torres‐Suárez, A. I. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89867-6.00010-x · Cited by 6
Cannabis for posttraumatic stress disorder
Krumm, B. A. (2015) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000434091.34348.3c · Cited by 6
Goldstein, C. A. (2011) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2011.04.007 · Cited by 6
Cannabinoids‐Human Physiology and Agronomic Principles for Production
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Effect of cannabis use on PTSD treatment outcomes in veterans
Petersen, M., Koller, K., Straley, C., & Reed, E. (2021) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2021.07.238 · Cited by 5
“Researchers found 72% of patients experienced cessation or lessening in severity of nightmares.(5) Authors of a retrospective study(6) of a correctional treatment center’s patients who had taken nabilone for any indication found that those suffering from PTSD had improvement in global PTSD symptoms.”
BackgroundFellman, V., Heppell, P. J., & Rao, S. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2023.06.015 · Cited by 7
Employee health and corporate innovation: Evidence from medical cannabis legalisation
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Lightfoot, S. H. M., Nastase, A. S., Cesar, G. C. L., Hume, C., Gom, R. C., Teskey, G. C., & Hill, M. N. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06748-4 · Cited by 5
“In both open-label (Fraser 2009) and placebo-controlled, randomized trials (Jetley et al., 2015), nabilone has been found to produce a significant reduction in both the frequency and intensity of their PTSD-related night-mares and a substantial increase in their general well-being questionnaire…”
Talshir, N., & Lavie‐Ajayi, M. (2023) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/00220426231185504 · Cited by 5
“In addition, the fi ndings of this research underscore the advantages of cannabis over other medications in the treatment of PTSD. (Author, 2019; Fraser, 2009; Mizrachi Zer-Aviv et al., 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fraser, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Armed Forces (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fraser, George A.
- Venue
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-13
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-88
- ISSN
- 1755-5930 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-5949
- PMC
- PMC6494011
- OpenAlex
- W2019432331
- Semantic Scholar
- b314e6338c8468983f092432a6081353c1c73444
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Keywords
- nabilone, post-traumatic stress disorder, nightmares, synthetic cannabinoids, adjunctive pharmacotherapy, sleep quality, flashbacks
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cannabinoids, Dreams, Drug Resistance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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