The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Synthesizing standardized mean‐change measures
Abstract
A new approach is presented for the meta‐analysis of data from pre‐test‐post‐test designs. With this approach, data from studies using different designs may be compared directly and studies without control groups need not be omitted. The approach is based on a ‘standardized mean‐change’ measure, computed for each sample within a study, and involves analysis of the standardized mean changes and differences in the standardized mean changes. Analyses are illustrated using results of studies of the effectiveness of mental practice on motor‐skill development.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The estimation of treatment effects on the dependent variables, for each study, was based on the calculation of the standardized mean change using raw score standardization (SMCR; see Appendix A), taking the standard deviations of the pretest [33,34].”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions for People with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Based on the premise for comparing ES previously utilized [58-60], for each of the measures of interest based on the therapeutic intervention (Figure 1).”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 888
Zimmaro, L. A., Nicklawsky, A., Lepore, S. J., & Reese, J. B. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09812-z · Cited by 3
The impact of diversity training on workplace behavior – a meta-analysis
Zirn, F. L., & Wißhak, S. (2025) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-03-2025-0051 · Cited by 3
Ekwam, E. O., Emmanuella, H. S., Okebukola, P. A., Nkrumah, F., & Oladejo, A. I. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-01037-w · Cited by 5
Strey, B. M., Irigoyen, A., McMahon, G. E., & Pinto, R. S. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-025-01586-5 · Cited by 6
Wang, Q., Zhong, J., Wang, Y., Bao, H., & Guo, S. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541261428257 · Cited by 3
Effects of Generative AI Tools On Students’ Critical Thinking: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis
Sun, X., Liu, C., Li, P., & Cai, Z. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10180-1 · Cited by 7
Nieuwboer, C. (2014) · Cited by 3
Mangone, L. A., Kwon, O. S., Johnson, B. T., Wu, Y., & Pescatello, L. S. (2024) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes · doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2024.01.003 · Cited by 5
Estruch‐García, V., Gil‐Llario, M. D., Fernández‐García, O., & Ballester‐Arnal, R. (2025) · Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health · doi:10.1111/psrh.12291 · Cited by 4
Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Cyber Abuse of Youth
Mishna, F., Cook, C., Saini, M., Wu, M., & MacFadden, R. J. (2010) · Cited by 3
Estimating Partial Standardized Mean Differences from Regression Models
Aloe, A. M., Thompson, C. G., Liu, Z., & Lin, L. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2021.1966605 · Cited by 3
Image-Guided Cochlear Implant Programming: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Yang, A. Y. J., Lee, K. F., Noller, M. W., Watson, N. L., Pillion, E. M., Riley, C. A., & Tolisano, A. M. (2022) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000003653 · Cited by 3
Luft, H., Brown, R., & Lauver, D. (2023) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2023.151686 · Cited by 4
Petkari, E., Martín‐María, N., Sánchez‐Gutiérrez, T., Fernández‐Castilla, B., & Calvo, A. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001198 · Cited by 5
Gil‐Llario, M. D., Morell‐Mengual, V., Fernández‐García, O., Estruch‐García, V., & Ballester‐Arnal, R. (2023) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295231196258 · Cited by 3
Gil‐Llario, M. D., Fernández‐García, O., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Morell‐Mengual, V., & Ballester‐Arnal, R. (2024) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2023.2300627 · Cited by 3
Meta-Analysis of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in Hemiplegic Stroke Patient in Korea
Park, S.-Y., & In-Soo, S. (2012) · Physical Therapy Korea · doi:10.12674/ptk.2012.19.2.059 · Cited by 3
Undergraduate Physics Course Innovations and Their Impact on Student Learning
Iverson, H. L., Briggs, D. C., Ruiz‐Primo, M. A., Talbot, R. M., III, Shepard, L. A., Sabella, M. S., Henderson, C., & Singh, C. (2009) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.3266706 · Cited by 3
A randomized controlled trial of mother- infant psychoanalytic treatment
Salomonsson, B. (2010) · Cited by 3
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Stem-Programs in the United States
An, D.-Y. (2013) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 3
Nieuwboer, C. (2014) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 3
The impact of yoga on military personnel with post traumatic stress disorder
Johnston, J. (2011) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20002098 · Cited by 3
Wilson, S. J., Freeman, B., & Hedberg, E. C. (2025) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2024.2427767 · Cited by 4
Meta-analytic review of longitudinal depression severity in stroke survivors
Thurston, M. D., Mattingley, J. B., Wu, D., Moore, M. J., & Oestreich, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120479 · Cited by 2
Srikoon, S., Khamput, C., Punsrigate, K., & Duangngern, P. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103020 · Cited by 2
Kitchenham, B. A., & Madeyski, L. (2020) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8669 · Cited by 2
A Meta-Analysis of Accommodation Effects for English Learners: Considering Possible Moderators
Marinho, N. L., Witmer, S. E., Jess, N., & Roschmann, S. (2023) · Language Assessment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15434303.2023.2237499 · Cited by 2
Rosen, A. O., Bergam, L., Holmes, A. L., Krebs, E., Moreno, M., Muñiz, G. S., & Huedo-Medina, T. B. (2024) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2022-0113 · Cited by 2
Dreisoerner, A., Heekerens, J. B., Karle, V., & Pawelkiewicz, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00767-2 · Cited by 2
Rosen, A. O., Montesinos, M. D. H., Mistler, C. B., Balluerka, N., Gorostiaga, A., Gómez‐Benito, J., Holmes, A. L., & Huedo-Medina, T. B. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003389 · Cited by 2
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the extinguished response recovery effects in children
Baiamonte, R., Gámez, A. M., & León, S. P. (2024) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2024.102036 · Cited by 2
A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Flipped Learning on Elementary School Students
Jang, B. S. (2018) · Journal of Curriculum and Evaluation · doi:10.29221/jce.2018.21.2.79 · Cited by 2
Chen, K., Ho, T., Siow, T. Y., Yeh, Y.-C., & Huang, S. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgac008 · Cited by 2
Yu, N. (2012) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-012-9226-9 · Cited by 2
Comment on Buzick and Stone: Two Tales of One City
Li, H. (2014) · Educational Measurement Issues and Practice · doi:10.1111/emip.12043 · Cited by 2
MATERIALS WORLD MODULES - 2002: A NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE EVALUATION OF CLASSROOM GAINS
Pellegrini, B. J. (2010) · Cited by 2
Napoleone, E., Evans, C., Patalay, P., Edbrooke-Childs, J. H., & Wolpert, M. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01317-5 · Cited by 2
Zeeck, A., Cuntz, U., Hartmann, A., Hagenah, U., Friederich, H., Groß, G., Holtkamp, K., & Zipfel, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21442-4_4 · Cited by 2
Effects of Physical Activity on psychological Change in Advanced Age: A Multivariate Meta-Analysis
Wu, M., Becker, B. J., & Netz, Y. (2007) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1177992060 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCan improving the “academic buoyancy” of secondary school students improve their school attendance?
Anderson, S. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003201366-13 · Cited by 1
Affect-focused body psychotherapy for patients with generalised anxiety disorder
Berg, A. L. (2009) · Figshare · Cited by 2
Examining Effects of a Repeated Reading Intervention and Predictive Effects of Student Inputs
Hammerschmidt‐Snidarich, S. M. (2015) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2
Forbes, P., Nitschke, J. P., Hochmeister, N., Tobias Kalenscher, A., & Lamm, C. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4x89z · Cited by 2
Therapist variation within meta-analyses of psychotherapy trials
Walwyn, R. E. A. (2011) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 2
Södermark, M. (2023) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/9789180753692 · Cited by 2
Relearning language: a meta–analysis of syntactic priming in aphasia
van Boxtel, W. V., & Miller, A. N. (2025) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2025.2579673 · Cited by 1
Ferreira, L. F., de Souza, C. J. F., de Oliveira, J. A., & Freudenheim, A. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1638987 · Cited by 1
Wang, Q., Zhong, J., Bao, H., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2604965 · Cited by 1
Cebolla, A., Fernández-Castilla, B., Lecuona, O. Z., Navarro‐Siurana, J., Galante, J., Sarrión-Castelló, P., Vidal, J., Baños, R. M., & Vázquez, C. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102692 · Cited by 1
YİĞİTER, M. S. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08576-3 · Cited by 4
Hu, W., Hu, Y., Lai, A. Y. K., Wa, L. T., He, J., Huo, R., & Wong, J. Y. H. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08770-6 · Cited by 1
Rodriguez, K. E., Delzio, M. C., Ruekgauer, A. H., Saleh, A. A., & Pfander, J. L. (2026) · Anthrozoos · doi:10.1080/08927936.2026.2621532 · Cited by 2
Zhu, C., Lu, Y., Tao, M., Yin, T., Li, J., Thompson, S. W., & Gu, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1750821 · Cited by 1
Waddington, M., Hill, T. G., & Thiruvannarathu, V. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-026-00286-w · Cited by 2
Brigato, P., Oggiano, L., Ravaioli, C., Salvatore, S. D., Sangiovanni, G. M., Palombi, D., Sessa, S., Costici, P. F., Saran, N., & Ouellet, J. A. (2026) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-026-04731-z · Cited by 1
Tao, M., Yin, M., Zhong, Y., Xu, K., Zhu, C., Deng, J., Song, Y., Lyu, M., Chen, Z., Nassis, G. P., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541261428779 · Cited by 1
Schreyer, B., Ertl, V., & Rosner, R. (2026) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2026.04.009 · Cited by 1
Rodriguez-Coloma, M., Scott, L. D., Bascour–Sandoval, C., Castillo-Vejar, L., Carr, J. C., & Andrushko, J. W. (2026) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00081.2026 · Cited by 1
EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR YOUTH IN POVERTY
Kodet, J. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.015 · Cited by 2
The Effectiveness of Explicit Corrective Feedback in the Second Language Classroom
Miller, P. C., & Pan, W. (2016) · Journal of Second Language Teaching & Research (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 1
이옥인, 신인수, & 박은영 (2011) · Korean Journal of Physical Multiple & Health Disabilities · doi:10.20971/kcpmd.2011.54.3.101 · Cited by 1
Allen, B. (2020) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1784054 · Cited by 1
Examining College Students' Gains in General Education.
Pastor, D. A., Kaliski, P. K., & Weiss, B. A. (2007) · Research & Practice in Assessment · Cited by 1
Jo, S., & Cho, J. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/17534666231214040 · Cited by 1
Dopaminergic Treatment and Episodic Memory in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-analysis of the Literature
Stanzione, A., Melchiori, F. M., da Costa, A. L. C., Leonardi, C., Scalici, F., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-024-09656-0 · Cited by 2
Foam rolling improvements in passive hip flexion last up to 60-minutes in ice hockey players
Johns, J. A., & Moreside, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.07.016 · Cited by 1
Modelling repeated measures data in meta analysis: an alternative approach
Idris, N. R. N., & Ruzni, N. (2008) · Cited by 1
Víquez, G. P. V., Bogantes, C. Á., Vargas, G. A., & Ambulo, G. (2022) · MHSALUD Revista en Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Salud · doi:10.15359/mhs.19-2.12 · Cited by 1
Hidayat, J., Chen, M., & Pranata, S. (2023) · Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman · doi:10.20884/1.jks.2023.18.2.7331 · Cited by 1
Gold, C. (2003) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 1
E-mindful health: Evaluation of mobile apps for mindfulness
Mani, M. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.102651 · Cited by 2
ten Hoor, G. A. (2017) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20170707gth · Cited by 1
The Art (and Science) of Building an Evidence Portfolio
Schwartz, J. B., & Wilson, S. J. (2006) · Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders · doi:10.1044/cicsd_33_s_37 · Cited by 1
Tugendrajch, S. K. (2022) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/94096 · Cited by 1
Benchmarks for Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Tools for Social Work Professionals.
Washburn, M., Yu, M., & Rubin, A. (2022) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315221105470
Is Word Shape Still in Poor Shape for the Race to the Lexicon
Hill, J. C. (2010) · ProQuest LLC eBooks
Accessibility and effectiveness of mental health care for older adults
Veerbeek, M. (2015) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Benchmarking outcomes for psychological treatments of chronic pain
Fenton, G. (2010) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Fossum, S. (2008) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Boyle, N. B. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Domain-Specificity Between Types of Peer Support and Multidimensional Self-Concept
Leung, C. K. C. (2007)
Imagery, mirror box therapy and action observation in stroke
Wilson, C. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32436111
Bruneau, & Michael, L. (2013)
Grossi, A. B. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.091
Wu, M., Becker, B. J., & Netz, Y. (2007)
Self-citationMurphy, J. M., Blais, M. A., Baer, L., McCarthy, A., Kamin, H. S., Masek, B. J., & Jellinek, M. S. (2016) · Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd · doi:10.1007/s12440-015-0012-y
Metaanalysen in der Therapieevaluation
Kösters, M. (2010) · OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) · doi:10.18725/oparu-2104
A Meta-Analysis for the Effect of Self-regulated Program on Middle & High School Students
Jang, B., & Shin, I. (2011) · Journal of Curriculum and Evaluation · doi:10.29221/jce.2011.14.3.187
Michaud, K. (2010) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2010-09766
A Meta-analysis of the Effect in Brain-based Science Learning
박형민, & Lim, C. (2018) · BIOLOGY EDUCATION · doi:10.15717/bioedu.2018.46.3.355
(2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203412992-152
Becker, C. B., & Stice, E. M. (2019) · Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd · doi:10.1007/s12440-019-00108-3
Metadata
- Authors
- Becker, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Becker, Betsy Jane
- ORCID
- Becker, Betsy Jane
- Venue
- British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1988-11
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 257-278
- ISSN
- 0007-1102 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8317
- OpenAlex
- W2055583849
- Semantic Scholar
- e1221bfead50662557b5f530446d766d7a9999ef
- Cited by
- 889
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Academy of Education
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- standardized mean change, pre-post test design, meta-analysis, standardized mean difference, mental practice, motor skill development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
