The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The phenomenology of shame and guilt: An empirical investigation
Abstract
This paper explores the various literatures concerned with shame and guilt. Lewis' (1987) model of shame is outlined. The phenomena she suggested to be part of shame (feelings of helplessness, anger at others, anger at self, self‐consciousness and feelings of inferiority) were investigated as to their relationship with shame. Strong support for these phenomena being related to shame, but not guilt, was found. Although located in separate literatures, shame and fear of negative evaluation have considerable overlap and this study set out to explore this relationship. The study further considered the role of submissive behaviour in shame and depression. Evidence was found to support the view that submissive behaviour is involved in both shame and depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review.
Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021466 · Cited by 866
Embarrassment: its distinct form and appeasement functions
Keltner, D., & Buswell, B. N. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.250 · Cited by 751
Demoralization Syndrome — a Relevant Psychiatric Diagnosis for Palliative Care
Kissane, D. W., Clarke, D. M., & Street, A. F. (2001) · Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.1177/082585970101700103 · Cited by 624
Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2007) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/14768320600941756 · Cited by 579
Carr, T., Moss, T., & Harris, D. (2005) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910705x27613 · Cited by 248
Metadata
- Authors
- Gilbert, P., Pehl, J., & Allan, S.
- Venue
- British Journal of Medical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-36
- ISSN
- 0007-1129 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043538104
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The phenomenology of shame and guilt: An empirical investigation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1994.tb01768.x
- The paper
- Gilbert, P., Pehl, J., & Allan, S. (1994). The phenomenology of shame and guilt: An empirical investigation. British Journal of Medical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1994.tb01768.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
