Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review.
Abstract
Recent theoretical and empirical work has facilitated the drawing of sharp conceptual distinctions between shame and guilt. A clear view of these distinctions has permitted development of a research literature aimed at evaluating the differential associations of shame and guilt with depressive symptoms. This study quantitatively summarized the magnitude of associations of shame and guilt with depressive symptoms. Two hundred forty-two effect sizes were obtained from 108 studies employing 22,411 participants. Shame showed significantly stronger associations with depressive symptoms (r = .43) than guilt (r = .28). However, the association of shame and depressive symptoms was statistically indistinguishable from the associations of 2 maladaptive variants of guilt and depressive symptoms (contextual-maladaptive guilt, involving exaggerated responsibility for uncontrollable events, r = .39; generalized guilt, involving "free-floating" guilt divorced from specific contexts, r = .42). Other factors also moderated the effects. External shame, which involves negative views of self as seen through the eyes of others, was associated with larger effect sizes (r = .56) than internal shame (r = .42), which involves negative views of self as seen through one's own eyes. Depressive symptom measures that invoked the term guilt yielded stronger associations between guilt and depressive symptoms (r = .33) than depressive symptom measures that did not (r = .21). Age, sex, and ethnicity (proporti…
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Shame is a cardinal feature of many depressive experiences.
“Shame, in turn, is a cardinal feature of many depressive experiences”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Kim, Thibodeau, & Jorgensen, 2011
External shame has been shown to promote psychological distress that stems from unmet needs for communal and favorable social spaces.
“External shame has been shown to promote psychological distress that stems from unmet needs for communal and favorable social spaces (Kim et al., Citation2011; Lewis, Citation1971).”
From Examining associations between racism, internalized shame, and self-esteem among African Americans (2020) · cites this paper as Kim et al., 2011
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“External shame has been shown to promote psychological distress that stems from unmet needs for communal and favorable social spaces (Kim et al., 2011; Lewis, 1971).”
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- Authors
- Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- St. John Fisher University (US)
- ORCID
- Thibodeau, Ryan
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-96
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2092317097
- Cited by
- 866
- References
- 230
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 47.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fisher Digital Publications (St. John Fisher College) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- shame, guilt, depressive symptoms, external shame, internalized shame, moderators of effect size
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Depression, Emotions, Female, Guilt, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests, Sex Factors, Shame
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