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Cited by 179Pediatric Pain Management TechniquesVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsDental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5-12 years old: a randomised controlled study

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Özalp Gerçeker, Gülçin, Ayar, Dijle, Özdemir, Emine Zahide, Bektaş, Murat·2020·Journal of Clinical Nursing
DOI 10.1111/jocn.15173
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Abstract

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Virtual reality (VR) can be used during painful procedures in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different VR methods on procedure-related pain, fear and anxiety of children aged 5-12 years old during blood draw. METHODS: This randomised controlled study used parallel trial design guided by the CONSORT checklist, see Supporting Information. The sample of children (n = 136) was allocated to the VR-Rollercoaster (n = 45), VR-Ocean Rift (n = 45) and control group (n = 46) using blocked randomisation. The primary outcome was pain scores after the blood draw and fear and anxiety scores before and after the blood draw. Before the blood draw, fear and anxiety scores were assessed using self-report and reports from the parents and the researcher using the Child Fear Scale and Children's Anxiety Meter. After the blood draw, level of pain experienced was assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and the fear and anxiety levels experienced by the children during the blood draw were re-evaluated. RESULTS: Pain scores were found to be lower in the VR-Rollercoaster group and the VR-Ocean Rift group. A statistical difference was found between groups according to self-, parent- and researcher-reported fear and anxiety scores after blood draw. While being in VR-Rollercoaster and VR-Ocean Rift group reduced children's fear and anxiety, being in the control group increased fear levels by 20% and anxiety levels by 34.1%. CONCLUSIONS: VR is an effective method in reducing procedure-related pain, fear and anxiety in children aged 5-12 years old during blood draw. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Evidence-based guidelines and protocols should be created for nonpharmacological methods such as VR for procedural pain and anxiety in children.

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Metadata

Authors
Özalp Gerçeker, G., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M.
Affiliations
  • Pediatric Nursing Department Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing Izmir Turkey
  • Dokuz Eylül University (TR)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Clinical Nursing
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2020-01-22
Volume
29
Issue
7-8
Pages
1151-1161
ISSN
  • 0962-1067 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2702
DOI
10.1111/jocn.15173
OpenAlex
W2996784255
Cited by
179
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
FWCI
11.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical Nursing (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
Keywords
virtual reality, procedural pain, fear, anxiety, venipuncture, children, non-pharmacological pain management, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale
MeSH terms
Procedural Pain, Virtual Reality, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Pain Measurement, Parents, Phlebotomy, Checklist, Self Report

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