Acoustic ecology of terrestrial mammals: a new Signaller–Receiver Conceptual Framework
Abstract
Mammals use sound for a variety of purposes, such as detecting the presence of others and maintaining social bonds. Much research on mammalian acoustics has been focussed on marine mammals and bats; less has considered terrestrial species. Our goal was to review knowledge about the role of acoustics in the behaviour and ecology of terrestrial mammals and to develop a conceptual framework that contextualises the knowledge. The purpose of the framework was to enable researchers to place their work in a broader understanding of the acoustics of terrestrial mammals, as well as to support them to articulate and explore new questions. We conducted a keyword search in Web of Science and removed papers that did not meet our criteria, resulting in 228 reviewed papers. We scored these for keywords and used concept maps to identify broad patterns. Of the 228 papers, 219 were focussed on acoustic communication. We therefore structured our Signaller–Receiver Conceptual Framework around factors that influence signallers (i.e. mammals producing sound) and receivers (i.e. mammals receiving sound). Factors that influence signallers were placed into two categories – those that influence call emission and those that influence call structure. Factors that influence receivers also fell into two categories – those that influence detection of sound and those that influence responses to sound. We added an additional receiver category – responses to sound. We present the framework in terms of five types of factors (environmental, social, morphological and physiological, state‐related factors, and other) and how they influence both signallers and receivers. Our review is the first to detail the range of factors influencing acoustic ecology of terrestrial mammals, and our framework provides context for the articulation of hypotheses that integrate multiple factors, and so can help researchers place their work in a broader context.
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The design of acoustic communication reflects energetic costs, body-size constraints, and sensory limitations, and sexual selection can drive signal divergence and speciation.
“Its design reflects energetic costs, body-size constraints, and sensory limitations, and sexual selection can even drive signal divergence and speciation”
From Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation (2026) · cites this paper as Stein and Rachlow 2023
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Leblond, M., Dussault, C., & St‐Laurent, M. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2016-0191 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Darras, K., Kolbrek, B., Knorr, A., et al. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.17511.2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Miura, S., Ohtaishi, N., Kaji, K., et al. (1988) · The Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan · doi:10.11238/jmammsocjapan1987.13.105 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Decisions to Communicate in Primate Ecological and Social Landscapes
Toarmino, C. R., Jovanovic, V., & Miller, C. T. (2016) · Animal signals and communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48690-1_10 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Auditory communication in the cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)
Cox, J. M., Marinier, S. L., & Alexander, A. J. (1988) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02421.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation
Zsebők, S. (2026) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-026-00322-5
“Its design reflects energetic costs, body-size constraints, and sensory limitations, and sexual selection can even drive signal divergence and speciation (Gillooly and Ophir 2010; Ryan 1986 ; Stein and Rachlow 2023; Wilkins et al. 2013).”
- Authors
- Stein, R. M., & Rachlow, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Idaho (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Rachel M.
- Venue
- Mammal Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-03-14
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 143-157
- ISSN
- 0305-1838 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2907
- OpenAlex
- W4324138511
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mammal Review (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Idaho Space Grant Consortium
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- acoustic ecology, terrestrial mammals, acoustic communication, vocal behavior, call structure, acoustic detection, social behavior, environmental factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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