The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 109 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications
Open accessAbstract
Stunting is a complex and enduring challenge with far-reaching consequences for those affected and society as a whole. To accelerate progress in eliminating stunting, broader efforts are needed that reach beyond the nutrition sector to tackle the underlying determinants of undernutrition. There is growing interest in how water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions might support strategies to reduce stunting in high-burden settings, such as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. This review article considers two broad questions: (1) can WASH interventions make a significant contribution to reducing the global prevalence of childhood stunting, and (2) how can WASH interventions be delivered to optimize their effect on stunting and accelerate progress? The evidence reviewed suggests that poor WASH conditions have a significant detrimental effect on child growth and development resulting from sustained exposure to enteric pathogens but also due to wider social and economic mechanisms. Realizing the potential of WASH to reduce stunting requires a redoubling of efforts to achieve universal access to these services as envisaged under the Sustainable Development Goals. It may also require new or modified WASH strategies that go beyond the scope of traditional interventions to specifically address exposure pathways in the first 2 years of life when the process of stunting is concentrated.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There might be multiple additional mechanisms by which WASH could contribute to undernutrition, such as via parasitic infections,53 the asymptomatic carriage of certain enteric pathogens,48 and environmental enteric dysfunction.12, 54”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805
Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61689-4 · Cited by 8,888
Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60937-x · Cited by 8,475
Liu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J. E., Rudan, I., Campbell, H., Cibulskis, R., Li, M., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 · Cited by 3,934
Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm
Bethony, J., Brooker, S., Albonico, M., Geiger, S. M., Loukas, A., Diemert, D., & Hotez, P. J. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68653-4 · Cited by 2,478
Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea
Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., Nair, H., Theodoratou, E., Bhutta, Z. A., O'Brien, K. L., Campbell, H., & Black, R. E. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6 · Cited by 2,356 · cited 1×
“As both diarrhoeal disease morbidity and mortality (Walker et al. 2013.)”
BackgroundDisease control priorities in developing countries
Frenk, J. M. (2006) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342006000600011 · Cited by 1,615
The stunting syndrome in developing countries
Prendergast, A. J., & Humphrey, J. H. (2014) · Paediatrics and International Child Health · doi:10.1179/2046905514y.0000000158 · Cited by 1,366
Prüss‐Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A. D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., et al. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12329 · Cited by 1,198
Self-citationEsrey, S. A., Potash, J. B., Roberts, L., & Shiff, C. (1991) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,056
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Cairncross S., 1992, Sanitation and Water Supply; Practical Lessons from the Decade World Bank Water and Sanitation Discussion Paper Series No. 9
- Churchill A., 1987, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 18
- Dangour A.D., 2013, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
- 10.1111/tmi.12339 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60950-8 · DOI
- Jones W., 1923, Translation of Hippocrates' Air, Waters and Places
- Prüss‐Üstün A., 2006, Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments
- 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620 · DOI
- UNICEF, 1990, A UNICEF Policy Review
- UNICEF, 2010, Progress for Children: Achieving the MDGs With Equity
- White G.F., 1972, Drawers of Water
- WHO, 2008, Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health
- WHO & UNICEF, 2003, Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding
- Zaroff B., 1984, Water vending in developing countries, Aqua: Journal of the International Water Supply Association, 5, 289
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 338
Ringler, C., Choufani, J., Chase, C., McCartney, M. P., Mateo-Sagasta, J., Mekonnen, D., & Dickens, C. (2018) · CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) · doi:10.5337/2018.221 · Cited by 17
Wardani, Z., Sukandar, D., Baliwati, Y. F., & Riyadi, H. (2021) · Gizi Indonesia · doi:10.36457/gizindo.v44i1.535 · Cited by 15
Refrigerator ownership and child health and nutrition in low- and middle-income countries
Karlsson, O., & Subramanian, S. V. (2023) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100698 · Cited by 16
Mishra, N. R., Mohanty, S. K., Mittra, D., Shah, M., & Meitei, W. B. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028681 · Cited by 15
Momberg, D. J., Mahlangu, P., Ngandu, C. B., May, J. D., Norris, S. A., & Mohamed, R. S. (2020) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa028 · Cited by 15
Workman, C. L., Stoler, J. B., Harris, A., Ercümen, A., Kearns, J. P., & Mapunda, K. M. (2021) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.1971735 · Cited by 17
Peri-urban agriculture and household food and nutrition security around Eldoret, Kenya
Petríková, I., Otieno, M. A., Were, G., Eltholth, M. M., Rodriguez‐Mateos, A., Harding, S., Morán, V. H., Osano, O., & Cole, J. (2024) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-024-01475-8 · Cited by 14
Flood, D., Petersen, A. J., Martinez, B., Chary, A. N., Austad, K., & Rohloff, P. J. (2019) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000510 · Cited by 14
Ghosh, S., Shivakumar, N., Bandyopadhyay, S., Sachdev, H. S., Kurpad, A. V., & Thomas, T. S. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09753-8 · Cited by 14
Diana, A., Haszard, J. J., Sari, S. Y. I., Rahmannia, S., Fathonah, A., Sofiah, W. N., Rizqi, H., Haekal, R., Gilmartin, A. A., Harper, M. J., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247247 · Cited by 16
Nutritional training in a humanitarian context: Evidence from a cluster randomized trial
Kurdi, S., Figueroa, J. L., & Ibrahim, H. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12973 · Cited by 14
Momberg, D. J., Voth‐Gaeddert, L. E., Ngandu, C. B., Richter, L., May, J. D., Norris, S. A., & Mohamed, R. S. (2020) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2020.085 · Cited by 13
Zhu, Z., Narayan, A., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., Yang, W., Cheng, Y., Zeng, L., & Chang, S. (2023) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012803 · Cited by 13
Pengaruh Indeks Risiko Sanitasi Terhadap Kejadian Stunting di Kecamatan Moyo Utara
Maliga, I., Hasifah, H., Antari, G. Y., Rafi’ah, R., & Lestari, A. (2021) · JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN INDONESIA · doi:10.14710/jkli.21.1.50-58 · Cited by 13
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA
Julianti, E., & Elni, E. (2021) · Bhamada Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kesehatan (E-Journal) · doi:10.36308/jik.v12i2.313 · Cited by 13
Wiyono, S. S., Burhani, A., Harjatmo, T. P., Astuti, T., Zulfianto, N. A., ., T., & Putri, M. S. (2018) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185231 · Cited by 13
Rajpal, S., Joe, W., Kim, R., Kumar, A., & Subramanian, S. V. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00129 · Cited by 13
Iannotti, L. L., Randrianarivony, T. N., Randrianasolo, A., Rakotoarivony, F., Andriamihajarivo, T. H., LaBrier, M., Gyimah, E. A., Vie, S., Nunez-Garcia, A., & Hart, R. E. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102101 · Cited by 12
Assessing groundwater quality and its association with child undernutrition in India
Biswas, S., Chattopadhyay, A., Shaw, S., & Hoffmann, R. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173732 · Cited by 12
Nassur, A.-M., Daanouni, O., Luc, G., Humphreys, A., Blanárová, L., Heymsfield, G. A., Kouassi, K. F., Kangas, S. T., & N’Diaye, D. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278980 · Cited by 12
Masters Program in Public Health, U. S. M., Ilma, N. N., Salimo, H., & Pamungkasari, E. P. (2019) · Journal of Maternal and Child Health · doi:10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.02 · Cited by 12
Williams-Piehota, P. A., Schnefke, C., Flax, V. L., Nyirampeta, S., Stobaugh, H. C., Routte, J., Musanabaganwa, C., Ndayisaba, G., Sayinzoga, F., & Muth, M. K. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019001551 · Cited by 12
Hanson, C. M., Allen, E., Fullmer, M., O’Brien, R., Dearden, K. A., Garn, J. V., Rachmi, C. N., Glenn, J. D., West, J. H., Crookston, B. T., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103727 · Cited by 12
Haq, W., & Abbas, F. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221096127 · Cited by 18
Opoku, E. E. O., & Acheampong, A. O. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117585 · Cited by 13
Rosenbaum, J., Tenaw, E., Clemmer, R., Israel, M. S., & Albert, J. (2020) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0445 · Cited by 11
Parikh, P., Kwami, C. S., Khanna, R., Lall, M., Reddy, H. M., Benton, L., Sharma, S., Vijay, V. K., Manikam, L., & Lakhanpaul, M. (2021) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2021.005 · Cited by 11
Vu, L., Rammohan, A., & Goli, S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132413615 · Cited by 11
Gao, Y., Sheng, J., Mi, X., Zhou, M., Zou, S., & Zhou, H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030458 · Cited by 16
Zembe‐Mkabile, W., Sanders, D. M., Ramokolo, V., & Doherty, T. (2022) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2021.2014045 · Cited by 11
Lévy, K., Garn, J. V., Adriano, Z., Muneme, B., Fagnant-Sperati, C. S., Hubbard, S., Júnior, A., Manuel, J. L., Mangamela, M., McGunegill, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067341 · Cited by 12
Holcomb, D., Monteiro, V., Capone, D., António, V., Chiluvane, M., Cumbane, V., Ismael, N., Knee, J., Kowalsky, E., Lai, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067941 · Cited by 8
Elni, E., & Julianti, E. (2021) · Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran · doi:10.24198/jkp.v8i3.1554 · Cited by 10
Sanitation ladder and undernutrition among under-five children in Pakistan
Khan, A. Y., Fatima, K., & Ali, M. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13492-7 · Cited by 10
Sambo, J. A. M., Cassocera, M., Chissaque, A., Bauhofer, A. F. L., Roucher, C., Chilaúle, J., Cossa-Moiane, I., Guimarães, E. L., Manhique-Coutinho, L. V., Anapakala, E. M., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061164 · Cited by 10
Tomberge, V. M. J., Harter, M., & Inauen, J. (2021) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.1928260 · Cited by 9
Contextual Determinants of General Household Hygiene Conditions in Rural Indonesia
Daniel, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111064 · Cited by 12
Implementation-Specific Nutritional Interventions in Stunting Prevention: Literature Review
Dewi, Y. M., Parulian, T. S., & Indriarini, M. Y. (2022) · NurseLine Journal · doi:10.19184/nlj.v7i1.27702 · Cited by 10
Agricultural Production Diversity and Child Nutritional Outcomes in Rural Myanmar
Vu, L., & Rammohan, A. (2021) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2021.1983169 · Cited by 9
Beyene, S. A., Gebremariam, L. W., Tela, F. G., Seid, O., Brown, A. T., & Mulugeta, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250696 · Cited by 9
The Effect of Sanitation on Stunting Prevalence in Indonesia
Nizaruddin, N., & Ilham, M. I. (2022) · Populasi · doi:10.22146/jp.80186 · Cited by 9
WASH alone cannot prevent childhood linear growth faltering
Maleta, K. M., & MANARY, M. J. (2018) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30420-0 · Cited by 9
Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Rumah Tangga dan Masalah Stunting Balita di Indonesia
Umar, U., & Haryanto, T. (2019) · Media Trend · doi:10.21107/mediatrend.v14i1.4736 · Cited by 9
Korachais, C., Nkurunziza, S., Nimpagaritse, M., & Meessen, B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239036 · Cited by 9
Braun, L., MacDougall, A. M., Sumner, T., Adriano, Z., Viegas, E., Nalá, R., Brown, J. M., Knee, J., & Cumming, O. (2024) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-024-03924-4 · Cited by 12
Munawar, K., Mukhtar, F., Roy, M., Majeed, N., & Jalaludin, M. Y. (2024) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2024.2421461 · Cited by 8
MacLeod, C., Ngabirano, L., N’Diaye, D. S., Braun, L., & Cumming, O. (2024) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13634 · Cited by 8
Cerio, C. T., Calalo, F. C., Marasigan, S. B., & Dizon, J. T. (2019) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1665397 · Cited by 8
Water quality for young children in Cambodia—High contamination at collection and consumption level
Poirot, E., Som, S. V., Wieringa, F. T., Treglown, S., Berger, J., & Laillou, A. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12744 · Cited by 8
Sanin, K. I., Haque, M. A., Nahar, B., Mahfuz, M., Khanam, M., & Ahmed, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138044 · Cited by 14
Environmental sanitation and undernutrition among China’s children and adolescents from 1989 to 2011
Hamlet, L. C., Chakrabarti, S., & Kaminsky, J. (2023) · Nature Water · doi:10.1038/s44221-023-00112-6 · Cited by 8
Child Stunting and Economic Outcomes in SAARC Countries: The Empirical EvidencePreprint
Seema, M., Baig, A., & Nasser, D. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1314101/v1 · Cited by 8
Shapu, R. C., Ismail, S., Lim, P. Y., Ahmad, N., & Njodi, I. A. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13070987 · Cited by 10
Mohamed, E. S. E. (2024) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2024.215 · Cited by 7
Prahastuti, B. S. (2020) · Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan · doi:10.37012/jik.v12i1.124 · Cited by 7
Niragire, F., Ndikumana, C., Nyirahabimana, M. G., & Mugemangango, C. (2022) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2022.43.111.35100 · Cited by 8
Aswi, A., & Sukarna, S. (2022) · Journal of Mathematics Computations and Statistics · doi:10.35580/jmathcos.v5i1.33499 · Cited by 7
Ravsanjanie, M. M., Pawitra, A. S., Diyanah, K. C., Zakaria, Z. A., & Marmaya, N. H. (2021) · JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN · doi:10.20473/jkl.v13i1.2021.48-56 · Cited by 7
Colt, S., Edielu, A., Lewander, D. P., Wu, H. W., Webb, E. L., Mawa, P. A., Nakyesige, R., Ayebazibwe, G. K., Friedman, J. F., & Bustinduy, A. L. (2024) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.14061 · Cited by 6
Reuse of Treated Wastewater: A Key Driver for Achieving All Sustainable Development Goals
Manisha, M., Verma, K., Chanakya, H., & Rao, L. (2024) · Journal of the Indian Institute of Science · doi:10.1007/s41745-025-00473-9 · Cited by 8
Ashaolu, J. O., Do, L. T., ISAAC, K., Akanji, T. S., & Some, S. Y. M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25076-y · Cited by 6
Dahir, H. M., Korse, A. H., & Mohamed, F. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1734101 · Cited by 6
Pengaruh kampung KB pada intervensi gizi sensitif stunting di Desa Janegara
Setyawati, V. A. V., & Ramadha, F. (2020) · Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition) · doi:10.14710/jgi.9.1.42-47 · Cited by 6
STRATEGI PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA 6-59 BULAN
Tendean, A., Sutantri, S., Alhalawi, Z., & Muhammad, C. (2022) · Klabat Journal of Nursing · doi:10.37771/kjn.v4i2.825 · Cited by 10
Wolfle, A., & Channon, A. A. (2023) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-023-00434-3 · Cited by 6
Wardani, Z., Sukandar, D., Baliwati, Y. F., & Riyadi, H. (2020) · Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia · doi:10.30597/mkmi.v16i1.9070 · Cited by 8
Factors Related to Stunted in East Java Province in 2019: An Ecological Analysis
Ridwanah, A. A., Megatsari, H., Laksono, A. D., & Ibad, M. (2021) · Medico-Legal Update · doi:10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2678 · Cited by 6
WASH Poor in a Water-Rich Country
Bank, W. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/27320 · Cited by 7
Butzin-Dozier, Z., Ji, Y., Coyle, J., Malenica, I., McQuade, E. T. R., Grembi, J. A., Platts-Mills, J. A., Houpt, E. R., Graham, J. P., Ali, S., et al. (2025) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012881 · Cited by 5
Dhital, S. R., Chojenta, C., & Loxton, D. J. (2025) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2024-001815 · Cited by 5
Yazawa, T., Rubite, K. J. G., & Macabata-Rubite, P. E. (2024) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2024.177 · Cited by 5
Waddington, H. S., Chirgwin, H., Eyers, J. E., PrasannaKumar, Y., Zehra, D., & Cairncross, S. (2018) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.199 · Cited by 5
Steenkamp, L., Williams, M., Ronaasen, J., Feeley, A. B., Truter, I., & Melariri, P. E. (2020) · South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1080/16070658.2020.1769336 · Cited by 5
Ecological Relationship between Poverty and Nutritional Status of Toddler in Indonesia in 2018
Budiarto, W., Wulandari, R. D., Rohmah, N., & Laksono, A. D. (2021) · Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology · doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v15i4.17135 · Cited by 5
Barreto, M. C. A., Araújo, L. F., & de Castro, S. S. (2022) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232022274.06472021 · Cited by 8
Joob, B., & Wiwanitkit, V. (2019) · Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ) · doi:10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_37_19 · Cited by 5
Lai, A., Velez, I., Ambikapathi, R., Seng, K., Lévy, K., Kowalsky, E., Holcomb, D., Konstantinidis, K. T., Cumming, O., & Brown, J. M. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.21257546 · Cited by 6
How do gender norms contribute to stunting in Ntchisi District, Malawi? a qualitative study
Mphangwe, W., Nolan, A., Vallières, F., & Finn, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290199 · Cited by 6
Nurhidayati, V. A., & Riyadi, H. (2022) · Amerta Nutrition · doi:10.20473/amnt.v6i1sp.2022.13-18 · Cited by 4
Mondal, S., Wangdi, K., Gray, D. J., Kelly, M. J., & Sarma, H. (2024) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-024-00126-9 · Cited by 4
Is Environmental Sanitation as A Trigger Factor Leading to Stunting?
Kustriyanti, D., Hastuti, W., Boediarsih, B., Kusyati, E., & Pratiwi, N. (2024) · JENDELA NURSING JOURNAL · doi:10.31983/jnj.v8i1.9377 · Cited by 4
Kim, J., Choe, S.-A., Lee, H., Subramanian, S. V., & Kim, R. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118047 · Cited by 4
WASH Practices in Childhood Stunting – A Narrative Review Article
Gurbani, N., Dhyani, A., Ammarah, S., & Baghel, P. (2022) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_451_21 · Cited by 4
Manongga, S. P., & Yutomo, L. (2023) · Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science · doi:10.55324/ijoms.v2i5.355 · Cited by 4
Ballard, A. M., Angulo, B. C., Laramee, N., Gallagher, J. P., Haardörfer, R., Freeman, M. C., Trostle, J., Eisenberg, J. N. S., Lee, G. O., Lévy, K., et al. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003604 · Cited by 4
Ma, X., Hu, Q., He, J., Li, C., Chen, K., Wang, W., & Qiao, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308688 · Cited by 4
Alemu, T. G., Fentie, E. A., Belay, D. G., Asmamaw, D. B., Shewarega, E. S., Negash, W. D., Eshetu, H. B., Aragaw, F. M., Fetene, S. M., & Teklu, R. E. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21841-1 · Cited by 4
Zhu, Y., & Wu, S. (2019) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-019-00168-x · Cited by 4
Chilinda, Z. B., Wahlqvist, M. L., Lee, M., & Huang, Y.-C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010178 · Cited by 4
RetractedDoes piped water improve adolescent health? Empirical evidence from rural China
Dong, J., Zhang, K., Yin, X., Li, H., & Koondhar, M. A. (2021) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.12759 · Cited by 4
Prevalence and overlap of known undernutrition risk factors in children in Nairobi Kenya
Mutoro, A., García, A. L., Kimani-Murage, E. W., & Wright, C. M. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13261 · Cited by 4
Bank, W. (2019) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/31162 · Cited by 4
Impact of Adequate Hydration on Stunting among Under-five Children: A Review Article
Zulfikar, R. R. O., Putri, N. M., Trisnayani, E., Pratiwi, D., & Basrowi, R. W. (2025) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445361502250210044910 · Cited by 3
Child Stunting and Temperature Anomalies: A Cross-Sectional Study in Burkina Faso and Kenya
Mansfield, T. C., Brown, M. E., & Gore, M. L. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12101346 · Cited by 4
Atok, Y. S., Sormin, R. E. M., & Ilma, N. N. (2022) · Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) · doi:10.26699/jnk.v9i2.art.p241-247 · Cited by 3
Choudhary, N., Brewis, A., Schuster, R. C., & Wutich, A. (2024) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2024.2366913 · Cited by 4
SURONO, I. S., Venema, K., Martosudarmo, S., & Kusumo, P. D. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14132218 · Cited by 3
fl, F. D., Iknane, A. A., Diawara, F., Coulibaly, D., Koite, N., Diarra, S., & Simaga, T. (2018) · Mali Santé Publique · doi:10.53318/msp.v8i01.1465 · Cited by 3
Iyanda, A., Adaralegbe, A., Miranker, M., Lasode, M. K., & Lu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493520987049 · Cited by 4
Islam, T., Anni, T. T., & Hasan, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-01957-7 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Cumming, O., & Cairncross, S.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cumming, Oliver
- Venue
- Maternal & Child Nutrition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 91-105
- ISSN
- 1740-8695 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-8709
- PMC
- PMC5084825
- OpenAlex
- W2396904246
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Maternal and Child Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- UNICEF
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Public Health and Nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Keywords
- stunting, water, sanitation and hygiene, WASH interventions, child undernutrition, enteric pathogens, child growth and development, Sustainable Development Goals, South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa
- MeSH terms
- Asia, Child Development, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Female, Growth Disorders, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infections, Pregnancy, Sanitation, Socioeconomic Factors, Water Supply, Infection Control, Africa South of the Sahara
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

