Snf2 controls pulcherriminic acid biosynthesis and antifungal activity of the biocontrol yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Metschnikowia pulcherrima synthesises the pigment pulcherrimin, from cyclodileucine (cyclo(Leu‐Leu)) as a precursor, and exhibits strong antifungal activity against notorious plant pathogenic fungi. This yeast therefore has great potential for biocontrol applications against fungal diseases; particularly in the phyllosphere where this species is frequently found. To elucidate the molecular basis of the antifungal activity of M. pulcherrima, we compared a wild‐type strain with a spontaneously occurring, pigmentless, weakly antagonistic mutant derivative. Whole genome sequencing of the wild‐type and mutant strains identified a point mutation that creates a premature stop codon in the transcriptional regulator gene SNF2 in the mutant. Complementation of the mutant strain with the wild‐type SNF2 gene restored pigmentation and recovered the strong antifungal activity. Mass spectrometry (UPLC HR HESI‐MS) proved the presence of the pulcherrimin precursors cyclo(Leu‐Leu) and pulcherriminic acid and identified new precursor and degradation products of pulcherriminic acid and/or pulcherrimin. All of these compounds were identified in the wild‐type and complemented strain, but were undetectable in the pigmentless snf2 mutant strain. These results thus identify Snf2 as a regulator of antifungal activity and pulcherriminic acid biosynthesis in M. pulcherrima and provide a starting point for deciphering the molecular functions underlying the antagonistic activity of this yeast.
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The strong antifungal activity of Metschnikowia species is mediated by competition for nutrients such as amino acids and iron, secretion of glucanases and chitinases, and production of volatile organic compounds.
“The strong antifungal activity of Metschnikowia species is mediated by a range of mechanisms that involve competition for nutrients (e.g.; amino acids, iron), secretion of glucanases and chitinases, and the production of volatile organic compounds”
From Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications (2019) · cites this paper as Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes strong antifungal activity in M. pulcherrima and says iron depletion is thought to mediate antimicrobial activity. It does not establish amino-acid competition, glucanase or chitinase secretion, or volatile organic compounds as mechanisms. The Discussion (page unavailable) says the mechanisms contributing to its antifungal activity remain largely unknown. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe peculiar red color of M. pulcherrima colonies is due to the formation of a cyclic dipeptide, pulcherriminic acid, that complexes iron.
“The peculiar red color of M. pulcherrima colonies is due to the formation of a cyclic dipeptide, pulcherriminic acid, that complexes iron (Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019).”
From Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications (2019) · cites this paper as Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019
Mutants lacking the ability to synthesise pulcherriminic acid still inhibited filamentous fungi strongly, suggesting that the antifungal activity was not only due to iron deprivation.
“However, mutants lacking the ability to synthesise pulcherriminic acid still inhibited filamentous fungi strongly, suggesting that the antifungal activity was not only due to iron deprivation (Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019).”
From Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications (2019) · cites this paper as Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019
Pigmentless M. pulcherrima mutants exhibit reduced antifungal activity, and iron deprivation of the fungal pathogen was suggested as one of several mechanisms by which this yeast antagonises plant pathogenic fungi.
“Pigmentless M. pulcherrima mutants were shown to exhibit reduced antifungal activity and iron deprivation of the fungal pathogen was suggested as one of several mechanisms by which this yeast antagonises plant pathogenic fungi (Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019; Sipiczki 2006).”
From Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications (2019) · cites this paper as Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019
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“The wild-type isolate APC 1.2 (CCOS978; Culture Collection of Switzerland) was originally isolated from apple flowers in Switzerland (Hilber-Bodmer et al., 2017) and was assigned to UNITE SH180747.”
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Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications
Freimoser, F. M., Rueda-Mejia, M. P., Tilocca, B., & Migheli, Q. (2019) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-019-2728-4 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Gore‐Lloyd, D., Sumann, I., Brachmann, A. O., Schneeberger, K., Ortiz‐Merino, R. A., Moreno‐Beltrán, M., Schläfli, M., Kirner, P., Santos Kron, A., Rueda‐Mejia, M. P., Somerville, V., Wolfe, K. H., Piel, J., Ahrens, C. H., Henk, D., & Freimoser, F. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- Agroscope (CH)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Competence Division Method Development and Analytics Müller‐Thurgau‐Strasse 29 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection Müller‐Thurgau‐Strasse 29 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Freimoser, Florian M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Microbiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-05-20
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 317-332
- ISSN
- 0950-382X (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2958
- PMC
- PMC6851878
- OpenAlex
- W2945945765
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (31003A_175665 / 1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Metabolism and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- Metschnikowia pulcherrima, SnF2, antifungal activity, biocontrol yeast, transcription factors, pigment synthesis, phyllosphere, plant pathogenic fungi, gene complementation, yeast antagonism
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphatases, Antibiosis, Antifungal Agents, Fungi, Pyrazines, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Transcription Factors, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, Metschnikowia
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