Dynamics of contention in the gig economy: Rage against the platform, customer or state?
Open accessAbstract
Protest in the gig economy has taken many forms and targets (platforms, customers and state officials). However, researchers are yet to adequately account for this diversity. We use a European survey of Upwork and PeoplePerHour platform workers to investigate worker orientation towards different forms of protest. Results reveal that worker anger, dependence and digital communication shape contention in the remote gig economy. Support for collective organisation is associated with anger at platforms as well as their dependence on the platform and communication with other workers. Individual action against clients is associated with anger and communication but not dependence. Support for state regulation is associated only with anger but not dependence or communication. We conclude that the relational approach entailed by Mobilisation Theory can aid explanation in the gig economy by shedding light on the dynamic process by which solidarity and dependence alter the perceived cost/benefits of particular remedies to injustice.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Workers have been found to resist clients by enforcing price norms so that other workers do not accept work from low paying clients, as well as withholding work and threatening to end contracts with bad clients.
“workers also have been found to resist clients by enforcing price norms so that other workers do not accept work from low paying clients, as well as withholding work and threatening to end contracts with bad clients (Wood et al., 2021).”
From Socio‐technical issues in the platform‐mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper (2024) · cites this paper as Wood et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control
Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2018.0174 · Cited by 2,732 · see citing works
What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy
Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857 · Cited by 1,354 · see citing works
Some Empirical Aspects of Multi-sided Platform Industries
Evans, D. S. (2003) · Review of Network Economics · doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1026 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Dependence and precarity in the platform economy
Schor, J. B., Attwood-Charles, W., Cansoy, M., Ladegaard, I., & Wengronowitz, R. (2020) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-020-09408-y · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2020) · Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x19894584 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 43
- Anwar, M. A. and M. Graham. (2020b). Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Freedom, Flexibility, Precarity and Vulnerability in the Gig Economy in Africa. Competition and Change. 25 (2): 237-258
- Aslam, Y. and Woodcock, J. (2020). A History of Uber Organizing in the UK. South Atlantic Quarterly, 119(2). 412-421
- Atzeni, M. (2009). 'Searching for Injustice and Finding Solidarity? A Contribution to the Mobilisation Theory Debate', Industrial Relations Journal, 40(1), 5-16.
- Atzeni, M. (2010). Workplace Conflict: Mobilisation and Solidarity in Argentina. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Atzeni, M. (2016) Beyond trade unions' strategy? The social construction of precarious workers organizing in the city of Buenos Aires. Labor History 57(2): 193-214.
- Barratt, T., Good, C. and Veen, A. (2020) 'I'm my own boss. . .': Active intermediation and 'entrepreneurial' worker agency in the Australian gig-economy. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52(8): 1643-1661.
- Cant, C. (2019) Riding for Deliveroo: Resistance in the New Economy, Cambridge, Polity.
- Charlwood, A. (2002). Why do Non-union employees want to unionize? evidence from Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 40(3), 463-491.
- Chen, J.Y. (2018). Thrown under the bus and outrunning it! The logic of Didi and taxi drivers' labour and activism in the on-demand economy: New Media & Society 20(8): 2691-2711.
- Edwards, P.K. (1986) Conflict at Work: A Materialist Analysis of Workplace Relations: Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
- Evans, G. (1993). The Decline of Class Divisions in Britain? Class and Ideological Preferences in the 1960s and the 1980s. British Journal of Sociology. 449-471. https://doi.org/10.2307/591812 · DOI
- Goods, C., Veen, A., Barratt T. (2019). 'Is your gig any good?' Analysing job quality in the Australian platform-based food-delivery sector. Journal of Industrial Relations 61(4): 502-527.
- Heckscher, C. and McCarthy, J. (2014). Transient Solidarities: Commitment and Collective Action in Post-Industrial Societies. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(4), 627- 657.
- Hodder, A., Williams, M., Kelly, J. and McCarthy, N. (2017). Does Strike Action Stimulate Trade Union Membership Growth?. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(1), 165-186.
- Irani, L. and Silberman, M.S. (2013) 'Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk', Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Paris, France.
- Jansen, G. (2019). Self-employment as atypical or autonomous work: Diverging effects on political orientations. Socio Economic Review, 17(2), 381-407.
- Jarley, P. (2005) Unions as Social Capital: Renewal through a Return to the Logic of Mutual Aid? Labor Studies Journal 29(4): 1-26.
- Josserand, E., and Kaine, S. (2019). Different directions or the same route? The varied identities of ride-share drivers. Journal of Industrial Relations 61(4):549-573.
- Joyce, S. (2020). Rediscovering the cash nexus, again: Subsumption and the labour-capital relation in platform work. Capital and Class 44(4): 541-552.
- Joyce, S., Neumann, D., Trappmann, V. and Umney, C. (2020). A Global Struggle: Worker Protest in the Platform Economy. ETUI Research Paper -Policy Brief 2/2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3540104 · DOI
- Kelly, J. (1998) Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilisation, Collectivism and Long Waves. London, Routledge.
- Kochan, T.A., Yang, D., Kimball, W.T., Kelly, E.L. Worker voice in America: Is there a gap between what workers expect and what they experience? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 71 (1): 3-38.
- Knutsen, O. (2018). Social structure, value orientations and party choice in Western Europe. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Langsæther, P.E. and Evans, G. (2020). More than self-interest: Why different classes have different attitudes to income inequality. British Journal of Sociology, 71(2),
- Lehdonvirta, V. (2016) 'Algorithms That Divide and Unite: Delocalisation, Identity and Collective Action in 'Microwork'.' In Flecker J (ed) Space, Place and Global Digital Work: Dynamics of Virtual Work. London, Palgrave Macmillan 53-80.
- Lehdonvirta, V., Kässi, O., Hjorth, I., Bernard, H. and Graham, M. (2019) 'The global platform economy: A new offshoring institution enabling emerging-economy microproviders', Journal of Management, 45, 567-599.
- Lei Ya-Wen. 2021. "Delivering Solidarity: Platform Architecture and Collective Contention in China's Platform Economy." American Sociological Review EPub ahead of Print https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420979980. · DOI
- Maffie M.D., (2020), The Role of Digital Communities in Organizing Gig Workers. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society (59):1: 123-149.
- McAdam, D. Tarrow, S. and Tilly, C. (2001). Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Möhlmann, M. and Zalmanson, L. (2017) Hands on the Wheel: Navigating Algorithmic Management and Uber Drivers' Autonomy. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), December 10-13 Seoul, South Korea (pp.1-17).
- Morgan, G. and Pulignano, V. (2019). Solidarity at Work: Concepts, Levels and Challenges. Work, Employment and Society, 34(1): 18-34.
- Panteli, N., Rapti A. and Scholarios D. (2020) 'If He Just Knew Who We Were': Microworkers' Emerging Bonds of Attachment in a Fragmented Employment Relationship. Work, Employment and Society, Epub ahead of print https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019897872 · DOI
- Pyman, A., Teicher, J., Cooper, B., Holland, P. (2009). Unmet demand for union membership in Australia. Journal of Industrial Relations 51 (1), 5-24.
- Ravenelle, A. (2019). Hustle and gig: Struggling and surviving in the sharing economy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Saundry R., Stuart M., and Antcliff V. (2012) Social Capital and Union Revitalization: A Study of Worker Networks in the UK Audio-Visual Industries. British Journal of Industrial Relations 50(2): 263-286.
- Snow, D.A., Rochford Jr, E.B, Worden, S.K., Benford R.D. (1986) Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. American sociological review, 464-481.
- Svallfors, S. (2006). The Moral Economy Of Class: Class And Attitudes In Comparative Perspective. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilisation to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- Tilly, C. and Tilly, C. (1998). Work Under Capitalism. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
- Vandaele, K., Piasna, A. and Drahokoupil, J. (2019). 'Algorithm Breakers' Are not a Different 'Species': Attitudes Towards Trade Unions of Deliveroo Riders in Belgium. ETUI Research Paper -Working Paper 2019.06. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3402899 · DOI
- Van de Werfhorst H.G. and de Graaf ND (2004) The sources of political orientations in post- industrial society: social class and education revisited. British Journal of Sociology 55(2): 211-235
- Wood, A.J. (2015). Networks of Injustice and Worker Mobilisation at Walmart. Industrial Relations Journal 46(4): 259-274.
- Wood, A.J, (2020). Despotism on Demand: How Power Operates in the Flexible Workplace. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dedema, M., & Rosenbaum, H. (2024) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24868 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“In some cases, it refers to workers' ability to engage in bargaining with the platform company (Wood et al., 2021).”
- Authors
- Wood, A. J., Martindale, N., & Lehdonvirta, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Alex J.
- Venue
- New Technology, Work and Employment
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-09-27
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 330-350
- ISSN
- 0268-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-005X
- OpenAlex
- W3200462231
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 16.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- New Technology Work and Employment (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- H2020 European Research Council (639652)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Legal and Labor Studies
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Labor Movements and Unions
- Keywords
- gig economy, protest, platform workers, Upwork, digital communication, collective organization, government regulation, solidarity, remote work
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review