Constraints on the evolution of azole resistance in plant pathogenic fungi.
Open accessAbstract
The durability of azole fungicides in controlling agriculturally important pathogenic fungi is unique amongst modern single site fungicides. Today, azoles are still relied on to control pathogens of many crops including cereals, fruits and vegetables, canola and soybeans. Significantly, this widespread use continues despite many reports of azole‐resistant fungal strains. In this review, recent reports of azole resistance and the mechanisms associated with resistant phenotypes are discussed. The example of the complex evolution of the azole target sterol 14α‐demethylase ( CYP 51) enzyme in modern European populations of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola is used to describe the quantitative and epistatic effects on fungicide sensitivity and enzyme function of target site mutations, and to explore the hypothesis that constraints on CYP 51 evolution have ensured the longevity of azoles. In addition, the threats posed by alternative resistance mechanisms causing cross‐resistance to all azoles or even unrelated fungicides are discussed, and postulations are made on how using new genomic technologies to gain a greater understanding of azole resistance evolution should enhance the ability to control azole‐resistant strains of plant pathogenic fungi in the future.
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In clinical and agricultural azole-resistant isolates, overexpression of sterol 14α-demethylase or azole efflux pumps are among the major causes for azole resistance.
“In clinical and agricultural azole-resistant isolates, overexpression of sterol 14α-demethylase or azole efflux pumps are among the major causes for azole resistance (White, 1997; Perea et al., 2001; Perea et al., 2002; Redding et al., 2003; Cools et al., 2013; Price et al., 2015).”
From Abnormal Ergosterol Biosynthesis Activates Transcriptional Responses to Antifungal Azoles (2018) · cites this paper as Cools et al., 2013
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Abnormal Ergosterol Biosynthesis Activates Transcriptional Responses to Antifungal Azoles
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- Authors
- Cools, H. J., Hawkins, N. J., & Fraaije, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Rothamsted Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cools, H. J.
- Venue
- Plant Pathology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-09-24
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 36-42
- ISSN
- 0032-0862 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-3059
- OpenAlex
- W1990621121
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 9.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Plant Pathology (publishedVersion)
- Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/C/00005193, BB/E02257X/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Disease Resistance and Genetics
- Keywords
- azole resistance, fungicide resistance, plant pathogenic fungi, sterol 14α-demethylase, CYP51, Zymoseptoria tritici, target-site mutations, epistasis, cross-resistance, resistance mechanisms, wheat pathogen, resistance evolution
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