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The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy‐based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based group counseling focused on depressive symptoms, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways among undergraduate nursing students with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized, nonblinded, controlled trial was conducted. The study was completed with a total of 63 participants (n = 31, intervention group; n = 32, control group). The effect of the intervention was evaluated with Beck depression inventory, Beck anxiety inventory, automatic thoughts questionnaire, and ways of coping questionnaire. The measurements were taken three times: pretest, posttest, and 2-months posttest. FINDINGS: CBT-based group counseling was found to reduce depressive symptoms, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping with stress and to increase effective coping with stress. In both groups, 2-months posttest mean anxiety score was lower than the pre-test mean score. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: CBT-based group counseling reduced depressive symptoms, automatic thoughts, and emotion-focused/ineffective ways for coping with stress.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This randomized controlled trial tested CBT-based group counseling in Turkish undergraduate nursing students with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. It found reductions in depressive symptoms, automatic thoughts, and emotion-focused/ineffective coping, plus increased problem-focused/effective coping, but no intervention-specific reduction in anxiety.
Key findings
- Depressive symptoms decreased in the intervention group from BDI 13.65 ± 3.14 at pretest to 8.48 ± 5.52 at 2-month posttest (χ² = 15.735, p < 0.001, effect size = 0.970), while control-group BDI did not change significantly (χ² = 4.710, p = 0.095).
- Automatic thoughts decreased in the intervention group from ATQ 68.71 ± 22.63 to 47.74 ± 12.34 (F = 30.92, p < 0.001, effect size = 1.333), with no significant control-group change (χ² = 1.339, p = 0.512).
- Anxiety decreased in both groups by 2-month posttest: intervention BAI 19.65 ± 9.23 to 12.87 ± 7.68 (χ² = 9.267, p = 0.010, effect size = 0.703) and control BAI 19.06 ± 12.06 to 13.91 ± 8.69 (χ² = 48.968, p = 0.011, effect size = 0.718); the paper states this did not support H3.
- Coping changed in the intervention group: problem-focused/effective coping increased from 24.26 ± 7.18 to 29.12 ± 7.49 (F = 11.117, p < 0.001, effect size = 0.763), and emotion-focused/ineffective coping decreased from 16.77 ± 5.89 to 11.65 ± 5.16 (F = 14.501, p < 0.001, effect size = 1.126).
Methods
- Randomized, nonblinded controlled trial following CONSORT, registered as NCT04192721, conducted with undergraduate nursing students at a Turkish university in the 2017–2018 academic year.
- Of 992 registered students, 804 completed the BDI; 238 had mild or moderate depressive symptoms, 80 met inclusion criteria and volunteered, and 63 completed the study (31 intervention, 32 control). Randomization was stratified by depressive symptom severity and used computer-generated sequences.
- Intervention: CBT-based group counseling in six 60–90 min weekly sessions, delivered in four groups of 6–10 members; control received no counseling. Outcomes were measured with BDI, BAI, ATQ, and WCQ at pretest, posttest, and 2-month posttest, analyzed in SPSS 20.0 using repeated-measures ANOVA/Friedman, independent t/Mann–Whitney U, and χ² tests.
Limitations
- The paper states that almost the entire sample was female, the study was conducted in one university nursing department, and gender was not well distributed.
- The paper states that the CBT-based group counseling addressed depression, automatic thoughts, and coping but provided no specific anxiety intervention other than relaxation techniques, which may explain the lack of intervention-specific anxiety reduction.
- The paper states that internal consistency of the WCQ subscales was low in this study; the text also makes evident that the trial was nonblinded and the control group received no counseling.
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19 Own method · 15 Own result · 10 Check pending · 9 Sources not found · 7 Own interpretation · 6 No full text of the sources · 2 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No statistically significant difference was found between the pretest and posttest mean BAI scores of the students in the intervention group”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 7 | IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT-based group counseling was found to reduce depressive symptoms, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping with stress and to increase effective coping with stress.”
- Also stated in: § 3 | RESULTS · plain
“a significant difference was found between the mean BDI (χ 2 = 15.735,p < 0.001, effect size = 0.970)”
- Also stated in: § 4 | DISCUSSION · plain
“Because there was no change in the control group in this direction, it can be asserted that the CBT-based group counseling decreased the depressive symptoms and automatic thoughts in the students and that its effects continued even after the termination of counseling.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 31 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3 | RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT-based group counseling was found to reduce depressive symptoms, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping with stress and to increase effective coping with stress.”
- Also stated in: § 3 | RESULTS · plain
“ATQ (F = 30.92,p < 0.001, effect size = 1.333)”
- Also stated in: § 4 | DISCUSSION · plain
“Because there was no change in the control group in this direction, it can be asserted that the CBT-based group counseling decreased the depressive symptoms and automatic thoughts in the students and that its effects continued even after the termination of counseling.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 31 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3 | RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding of mild or moderate depressive symptoms (depression risk) in 29.6% (n = 238) of the students (n = 804) reviewed in the present study”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 7 | IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
plainn = 238- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ATQ Intervention 68.71 ± 22.63 55.03 ± 13.41 47.74 ± 12.34 F = 30.92;p < 0.001 (1-2, 3) (2-3)* 1.333”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT-based group counseling was found to reduce depressive symptoms, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping with stress and to increase effective coping with stress.”
- Also stated in: § 3 | RESULTS · plain
“The effective-coping scores of the students in the intervention group increased, their ineffective-coping scores decreased, and this change was maintained after group counseling (Table 4).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 31 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3 | RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BDI Intervention 13.65 ± 3.14 10.97 ± 7.15 8.48 ± 5.52 χ 2 = 15.735;p < 0.001 (1-2, 3) (2-3)* 0.970”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The posttest and 2-month posttest problem-focused/effective coping levels of the students in the intervention group were higher than their pretest levels”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 4 | DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while there was no significant change in the problem-focused/effective coping levels of the control group”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 4 | DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Control 60.39 ± 19.17 59.90 ± 17.03 58.71 ± 18.61 χ 2 = 1.339; p = 0.512 0.153”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
In the paper
“According to studies of university students in Turkey, the prevalence of depression varies between 7.4 and 23.1 (Gülnar & Öztat, 2021;Güzel & Ergün, 2020;Iskender et al., 2018;Sıncar et al., 2020).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the repetitive measurements, the sample was calculated using the G*Power software in order for between-groups (intervention and control) and within-group (pretest, posttest, and 2months posttest) differences to be significant at 90% power and 5% type I error level under variance analysis assumptions.”
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
“It was determined that it was necessary to include at least 16 people in each group in the study to find the effect size of 0.50 unit between the groups and the effect size of 1.65 unit between the times significant.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.4 | Participants and setting
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is usually a shortterm therapy consisting of six to eight sessions.Groups include 6-10 people, and sessions are held once weekly for 1-2 h (Bernhardsdottir et al., 2013;Hamdan-Mansour et al., 2009;Koutra et al., 2010).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the pretest, posttest, and follow-up test (respectively) of the subscales are as follows: SCA: 0.59, 0.76, and 0.85; OA: 0.65, 0.75, and 0.78; SSS: 0.74, 0.76, and 0.66; HA: 0.73, 0.64, and 0.75; and SA: 0.52, 0.60, and 0.31.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.5 | Ways of coping questionnaire
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was completed with a total of 63 participants (n = 31, intervention group; n = 32, control group).”
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
“The study was completed with a total of 63 participants (n = 31 for the intervention group and n = 32 for the control group).”
- Also stated in: § 3 | RESULTS · plain
“The study was a randomized clinical trial with 63 participants: 31 in the intervention group and 32 in the control group.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
plainn = 63- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, the Cronbach's α coefficient of the automatic thoughts questionnaire (ATQ) was found to be 0.81 in the pretest, 0.91 in the posttest, and 0.91 in the follow-up test.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.4 | Automatic thoughts questionnaire
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, the stratified randomization method (Hilgers et al., 2020) was used in the present study.”
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
“In this method, the levels of severity of depressive symptoms were defined as strata, and the question of which students in these strata would be assigned to the control group (n = 40) and the intervention group (n = 40) was determined by block randomization.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.4 | Participants and setting
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hilgers et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
In the paper
“The Turkish validity and reliability study of the questionnaire was conducted by Sahin and Durak (1995).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.5 | Ways of coping questionnaire
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sahin and Durak (1995)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“CBT leads to a significant improvement in perceived stress and depressive symptoms, to reduced use of avoidance coping strategies, and to increased use of effective coping strategies among university students (Hamdan-Mansour et al., 2009).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hamdan-Mansour et al., 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review reports that the depression rate among university students is higher than that in the general population (Mayer et al., 2016).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mayer et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial registration number is NCT04192721.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.3 | Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, the Cronbach's α coefficient of the Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) was found to be 0.88 in the pretest, 0.86 in the posttest, and 0.86 in the follow-up test.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.3 | Beck anxiety inventory
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study conducted on students has shown that depressive symptoms worsen and anxiety increases as the automatic thoughts increase (Alsaleh et al., 2016;Irfan & Zulkefly, 2020;Yapan et al., 2020).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study was conducted in a university nursing department”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 6 | LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In terms of nursing students, it has been reported that they experience high levels of stress (Goff, 2011;Van der Riet et al., 2015), anxiety, and depression (Moscaritolo, 2009;Turner & McCarthy, 2017).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the study was conducted, written permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Gazi University (No.: 77082166-302.08.01; research code: 2017-206) and from the institution where the study was to be conducted, and permission was granted via email by the scale authors for the use of the scales.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Aydin and Aydin (1990), and the Cronbach's α coefficient was found to be 0.95.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.4 | Automatic thoughts questionnaire
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Aydin and Aydin (1990)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These stress, anxiety levels (Bartlett et al., 2016), and depressed mood (McConville et al., 2017) were found to be higher in nursing students than in the general student population.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressive symptoms continue in most patients after pharmacological treatment of depression, but CBT effectively controls the symptoms of depression and decreases the rate of relapse (Moorey & Hollon, 2021).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moorey & Hollon, 2021 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, the Cronbach's α coefficient of the BDI was found to be 0.87 in the pretest, 0.59 in the posttest, and 0.79 in the follow-up test.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.2 | Beck depression inventory
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Studies have also shown that CBT reduces the symptoms of depression and anxiety (Ede et al., 2020;Widnall et al., 2020).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ede et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Widnall et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBTbased group counseling was conducted by two researchers with CBT training.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.6 | Data collection procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Cronbach's α coefficients of the subscales of the WCQ are as follows; SCA: 0.80, OA 0.68, SSS 0.47, HA 0.73, and SA 0.70.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.5 | Ways of coping questionnaire
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sahin and Durak (1995)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A meta-analytic review revealed that when depression and anxiety symptoms were examined together, CBT was effective both immediately after treatment and at 6-month follow-up (Tolin, 2010).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolin, 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, some studies have shown that as few as four to eight sessions can be effective among university students, as their depressive symptoms are lighter and their sociodemographic characteristics are more homogeneous than among clinical patient groups (Bernhardsdottir et al., 2013;Koutra et al., 2010).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bernhardsdottir et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koutra et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the study was conducted, written permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Gazi University (No: 77082166-302.08.01;Research code: 2017-206) the institution where the study was to be conducted, and permission was granted via email by the scale authors for the use of the scales.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.9 | Ethical approval
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of 80 participants, 40 were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 40 to the control group using computer-generated random number sequences.”
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
“The statistician, who had no contact with the students, conducted the randomization.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.4 | Participants and setting
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 2.4 | Participants and setting · plain
In the paper
“The Turkish validity and reliability study of the inventory was conducted by Hisli (1989), and the Cronbach's α coefficient was found to be 0.74.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.2 | Beck depression inventory
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hisli (1989)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participation in the study was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants at the beginning of the study.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.9 | Ethical approval
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Turkish validity and reliability study of the inventory was conducted by Ulusoy et al. (1998), and the Cronbach's α coefficient was found to be 0.93.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.3 | Beck anxiety inventory
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ulusoy et al. (1998)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A metaanalysis study evaluating the effects of CBT on negative emotions in nursing students determined that CBT can effectively reduce anxiety and other negative emotions of nursing students and help them develop a positive psychological attitude (Lei et al., 2021).”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 4 | DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lei et al., 2021 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are very few intervention studies evaluating the effect of CBT-based intervention counseling on depression, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping with stress together.
“Although studies have shown that depression, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and ineffective ways of coping with stress are related to one another, there are very few intervention studies evaluating the effect of CBT-based intervention counseling on these problems, and, consequently, intervention studies that evaluate the effects of depression, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping ways”
The paper relies on this without support.
The control group receiving no counseling represents the natural course of depressive symptoms, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and coping.
“While CBT-based group counseling was given to the intervention group, no counseling was given to the control group during the study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants in the control group did not receive other psychological interventions during the study.
“While CBT-based group counseling was given to the intervention group, no counseling was given to the control group during the study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are very few intervention studies evaluating the effect of CBT on depression, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping together.
“there are very few intervention studies evaluating the effect of CBT on these problems, and, consequently, intervention studies that evaluate the effects of depression, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and ineffective coping ways together with stress are needed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Depression, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and ineffective ways of coping with stress are related to one another.
“Although studies have shown that depression, anxiety, automatic thoughts, and ineffective ways of coping with stress are related to one another”
The paper relies on this without support.
University students are a group with a high risk of depression.
“University students come from many areas of the country and comprise a group with a high risk of depression.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > 2.5.5 | Ways of coping questionnaire
“The subscale mean score is obtained by dividing the total points taken from each subscale into the number of items related to that subscale.”
§ The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based group counseling on depressive symptomatology, anxiety levels, automatic thoughts, and coping ways Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled trial > Additional information
“SCA Intervention 11.06 ± 3.64 12.97 ± 3.72 12.97 ± 3.81”
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
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- Greenberger D., 2015, Mind over mood: Change how you feel by changing the way you think
- Gülnar B., 2021, The relationship between depression, personality types and face to face communication: A field research among university students' in Turkey, Global Media Journal TR Edition, 11, 124
- Hisli N., 1989, Reliability and validity of Beck depression Inventory among university students, Journal of Turkish Psychology, 7, 3
- Sahin N. H., 1995, Ways of coping questionnaire: Adaptation for Turkish university students, Turkish Journal of Psychology, 10, 56
- Sıncar S., 2020, Life satisfaction and Depression in university students: A cross‐sectional study, Balıkesir Health Sciences Journal, 9, 93
- Ulusoy M., 1998, Turkish version of the Beck anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12, 163
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Metadata
- Authors
- Demir, S., & Ercan, F.
- Affiliations
- Gazi University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Ercan, Feride
- Venue
- Perspectives in Psychiatric Care
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-03-24
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2394-2406
- ISSN
- 0031-5990 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-6163
- OpenAlex
- W4220843805
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Perspectives In Psychiatric Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, group counseling, depressive symptoms, anxiety, automatic thoughts, coping strategies, nursing students, stress coping, emotion-focused coping, Turkish nursing students
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Anxiety, Counseling, Depression, Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate, Humans, Students, Nursing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
About these checks
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