Humoral Pattern Recognition and the Complement System
Abstract
In the context of immunity, pattern recognition is the art of discriminating friend from foe and innocuous from noxious. The basis of discrimination is the existence of evolutionarily conserved patterns on microorganisms, which are intrinsic to these microorganisms and necessary for their function and existence. Such immutable or slowly evolving patterns are ideal handles for recognition and have been targeted by early cellular immune defence mechanisms such as T oll‐like receptors, NOD‐like receptors, RIG‐I‐like receptors, C‐type lectin receptors and by humoral defence mechanisms such as the complement system. Complement is a proteolytic cascade system comprising around 35 different soluble and membrane‐bound proteins. It constitutes a central part of the innate immune system, mediating several major innate effector functions and modulating adaptive immune responses. The complement cascade proceeds via controlled, limited proteolysis and conformational changes of constituent proteins through three activation pathways: the classical pathway, the alternative pathway and the lectin pathway, which converge in common effector functions. Here, we review the nature of the pattern recognition molecules involved in complement activation, as well as their close relatives with no or unknown capacity for activating complement. We proceed to examine the composition of the pattern recognition complexes involved in complement activation, focusing on those of the lectin pathway, and arrive at a new model for their mechanism of operation, supported by recently emerging evidence.
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“Examples including collectins like the mannan-binding lectin, and the ficolins (334, 781).”
BackgroundTargeting B cells and plasma cells in autoimmune diseases
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- Authors
- Degn, S. E., & Thiel, S.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Degn, S. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-07-21
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181-193
- ISSN
- 0300-9475 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-3083
- OpenAlex
- W2012804478
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biomarkers in Disease Mechanisms
- Keywords
- complement system, pattern recognition, innate immunity, complement activation, lectin pathway, pattern recognition molecules, classical pathway, alternative pathway
- MeSH terms
- Antigen-Antibody Complex, Complement System Proteins, Complement Pathway, Alternative, Complement Pathway, Classical, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Models, Immunological, Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin, Receptors, Pattern Recognition, Protein Multimerization, Immunity, Humoral, Proteolysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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