Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: a survey of elite para athletes
Abstract
The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is a syndrome describing three interrelated conditions: low energy availability (LEA), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (BMD). Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED‐S) expands the Triad to include multiple physiologic consequences of LEA in both sexes. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of factors associated with the Triad/RED‐S in an elite para athlete population.
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Among US para athletes preparing for Paralympic Games, 62% attempted to alter weight or body composition, 32% had elevated EDE-Q pathological behaviour subscale scores and 44% of female athletes reported menstrual dysfunction.
“Among US para athletes preparing for Paralympic Games, 62% attempted to alter weight or body composition to enhance performance, 32% had elevated scores on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) pathological behaviour subscale scores and 44% of the female athletes reported menstrual dysfunction.113”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [113]
Current findings show a strong correlation between the Female Athlete Triad and negative bone health outcomes, such as increased bone stress injuries and decreased bone mineral density.
“current findings show a strong correlation between Triad and negative bone health outcomes, such as increased bone stress injuries and decreased BMD [6,7,9,11,14,15,16,17,18].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Prospective studies to date illustrate a causal relationship between low energy availability and menstrual disturbances.
“Prospective studies to date illustrate a causal relationship between LEA and menstrual disturbances [9,10,11,12,13,14].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Cites
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The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
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Energy Availability, Not Body Fatness, Regulates Reproductive Function in Women
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Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Brook, E. M., Tenforde, A. S., Broad, E. M., Matzkin, E. G., Yang, H. Y., Collins, J. E., & Blauwet, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blauwet, Cheri A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-02-06
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 678-685
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W2910021290
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 11.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- female athlete triad, relative energy deficiency in sport, low energy availability, menstrual disorders, bone mineral density, athletes with disabilities, Paralympic athletes, eating disorders, bone stress injuries, amenorrhea
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Composition, Body Weight, Bone Diseases, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Menstruation Disturbances, Surveys and Questionnaires, Bone Density, Fractures, Stress, Prevalence, Female Athlete Triad Syndrome, Young Adult, Athletes, Sports for Persons with Disabilities
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