CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 23

Knockdown of β‐conglycinin α′ and α subunits alters seed protein composition and improves salt tolerance in soybean

Yang, Rufei, Ma, Yujie, Yang, Zhongyi, Pu, Yixiang, Liu, Mengyu, Du, Jingyi, Xu, Zhiri, Xu, Zefei +5 more·2024·The Plant Journal
DOI 10.1111/tpj.17062
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

SUMMARY: Soybean is an important plant source of protein worldwide. Increasing demands for soybean can be met by improving the quality of its seed protein. In this study, GmCG‐1, which encodes the β‐conglycinin α′ subunit, was identified via combined genome‐wide association study and transcriptome analysis. We subsequently knocked down GmCG‐1 and its paralogues GmCG‐2 and GmCG‐3 with CRISPR‐Cas9 technology and generated two stable multigene knockdown mutants. As a result, the β‐conglycinin content decreased, whereas the 11S/7S ratio, total protein content and sulfur‐containing amino acid content significantly increased. Surprisingly, the globulin mutant exhibited salt tolerance in both the germination and seedling stages. Little is known about the relationship between seed protein composition and the salt stress response in soybean. Metabonomics and RNA‐seq analysis indicated that compared with the WT, the mutant was formed through a pathway that was more similar to that of active salicylic acid biosynthesis; however, the synthesis of cytokinin exhibited greater defects, which could lead to increased expression of plant dehydrin‐related salt tolerance proteins and cell membrane ion transporters. Population evolution analysis suggested that GmCG‐1, GmCG‐2, and GmCG‐3 were selected during soybean domestication. The soybean accessions harboring GmCG‐1Hap1 presented relatively high 11S/7S ratios and relatively high salt tolerance. In conclusion, knockdown of the β‐conglycinin α and α′ subunits can improve the nutritional quality of soybean seeds and increase the salt tolerance of soybean plants, providing a strategy for designing soybean varieties with high nutritional value and high salt tolerance.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/tpj.17062

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 83

  1. Ahn, S.J., Shin, R. & Schachtman, D.P. (2004) Expression of KT/KUP genes in Arabidopsis and the role of root hairs in K + uptake. Plant Physiology, 134(3), 1135-1145.
  2. Allaire, J.J. (2011) RStudio: integrated development environment for R. In: The R User Conference, useR! 2011 August 16-18, 2011. Coventry, UK: University of Warwick, p.
  3. Bai, M., Yuan, C., Kuang, H., Sun, Q., Hu, X., Cui, L. et al. (2022) Combina- tion of two multiplex genome-edited soybean varieties enables customi- zation of protein functional properties. Molecular Plant, 15(7), 1081-1083.
  4. Bai, T., Li, C., Ma, F., Shu, H. & Han, M. (2009) Exogenous salicylic acid alle- viates growth inhibition and oxidative stress induced by hypoxia stress in Malus robusta Rehd. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 28, 358-366.
  5. Brummer, E.C., Graef, G.L., Orf, J., Wilcox, J.R. & Shoemaker, R.C. (1997) Mapping QTL for seed protein and oil content in eight soybean popula- tions. Crop Science, 37(2), 370-378.
  6. Cai, Z., Xian, P., Cheng, Y., Zhong, Y., Yang, Y., Zhou, Q. et al. (2023) MOTHER-OF-FT-AND-TFL1 regulates the seed oil and protein content in soybean. New Phytologist, 239(3), 905-919.
  7. Cheng, M.C., Ko, K., Chang, W.L., Kuo, W.C., Chen, G.H. & Lin, T.P. (2015) Increased glutathione contributes to stress tolerance and global transla- tional changes in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal, 83(5), 926-939.
  8. Chung, J., Babka, H.L., Graef, G.L., Staswick, P.E., Lee, D.J., Cregan, P.B. et al. (2003) The seed protein, oil, and yield QTL on soybean linkage group I. Crop Science, 43(3), 1053-1067. Available from: https://doi. org/10.2135/cropsci2003.1053 · DOI
  9. Corso, M., Doccula, F.G., de Melo, J.R.F., Costa, A. & Verbruggen, N. (2018) Endoplasmic reticulum-localized CCX2 is required for osmotolerance by regulating ER and cytosolic Ca 2+ dynamics in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(15), 3966-3971.
  10. Danecek, P., Auton, A., Abecasis, G., Albers, C.A., Banks, E., DePristo, M.A. et al. (2011) The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics, 27(15), 2156-2158.
  11. Doyle, J.J., Schuler, M.A., Godette, W.D., Zenger, V., Beachy, R.N. & Sligh- tom, J.L. (1986) The glycosylated seed storage proteins of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris. Structural homologies of genes and proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261(20), 9228-9238.
  12. Fukushima, D. (1991) Recent progress of soybean protein foods: chemistry, technology, and nutrition. Food Reviews International, 7(3), 323-351.
  13. Gao, S., Yuan, L., Zhai, H., Liu, C., He, S. & Liu, Q. (2011) Transgenic sweet- potato plants expressing an LOS5 gene are tolerant to salt stress. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 107(2), 205-213.
  14. Goettel, W., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Qiao, Z., Jiang, H., Hou, D. et al. (2022) POWR1 is a domestication gene pleiotropically regulating seed quality and yield in soybean. Nature Communications, 13(1), 3051.
  15. Guan, R., Qu, Y., Guo, Y., Yu, L., Liu, Y., Jiang, J. et al. (2014) Salinity toler- ance in soybean is modulated by natural variation in GmSALT3. The Plant Journal, 80(6), 937-950.
  16. Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Cicek, N., Guneri, E., Eraslan, F. et al. (2005) Effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid on the induction of multiple stress tolerance and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 51(6), 687-695.
  17. Ha, S., Vankova, R., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K. & Tran, L.S. (2012) Cytokinins: metabolism and function in plant adaptation to envi- ronmental stresses. Trends in Plant Science, 17(3), 172-179.
  18. Hadiarto, T. & Tran, L.S. (2011) Progress studies of drought-responsive genes in rice. Plant Cell Reports, 30(3), 297-310.
  19. Harada, J.J., Barker, S.J. & Goldberg, R.B. (1989) Soybean beta-conglycinin genes are clustered in several DNA regions and are regulated by tran- scriptional and posttranscriptional processes. The Plant Cell, 1(4), 415- 425.
  20. Harshavardhan, V.T., Van Son, L.E., Seiler, C., Junker, A., Weigelt-Fischer, K., Klukas, C. et al. (2014) AtRD22 and AtUSPL1, members of the plant- specific BURP domain family involved in Arabidopsis thaliana drought tolerance. PLoS One, 9(10), e110065.
  21. Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, M., Mahmud, J.A., Nahar, K., Mohsin, S.M., Parvin, K. et al. (2018) Interaction of sulfur with phytohormones and sig- naling molecules in conferring abiotic stress tolerance to plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 13(5), e1477905.
  22. He, S., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Hong, Z. & Liu, Q. (2009) In vitro selection and identification of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) plants tolerant to NaCl. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 96(1), 69-74.
  23. Heinemann, B. & Hildebrandt, T.M. (2021) The role of amino acid metabo- lism in signaling and metabolic adaptation to stress-induced energy defi- ciency in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 72(13), 4634-4645.
  24. Hincha, D.K. & Thalhammer, A. (2012) LEA proteins: IDPs with versatile functions in cellular dehydration tolerance. Biochemical Society Transac- tions, 40(5), 1000-1003.
  25. Imsande, J. (2001) Selection of soybean mutants with increased concentra- tions of seed methionine and cysteine. Crop Science, 41(2), 510-515.
  26. Jez, J.M. (2019) Structural biology of plant sulfur metabolism: from sulfate to glutathione. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70(16), 4089-4103.
  27. Kim, W.J., Kang, B.H., Moon, C.Y., Kang, S., Shin, S., Chowdhury, S. et al. (2023) Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of seed protein and oil con- tent in wild soybean (Glycine soja). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 4077.
  28. Kinney, A.J., Jung, R. & Herman, E.M. (2001) Cosuppression of the a sub- units of b-conglycinin in transgenic soybean seeds induces the formation of endoplasmic reticulum-derived protein bodies. The Plant Cell, 13(5), 1165-1178.
  29. Kong, L., Wang, M. & Bi, D. (2005) Selenium modulates the activities of anti- oxidant enzymes, osmotic homeostasis and promotes the growth of sor- rel seedlings under salt stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 45(2), 155-163.
  30. Kopriva, S., Malagoli, M. & Takahashi, H. (2019) Sulfur nutrition: impacts on plant development, metabolism, and stress responses. Journal of Experi- mental Botany, 70(16), 4069-4073.
  31. Krishnan, H.B. (2005) Engineering soybean for enhanced sulfur amino acid content. Crop Science, 45(2), 454-461.
  32. Krishnan, H.B., Kim, W.S., Jang, S. & Kerley, M.S. (2009) All three subunits of soybean b-conglycinin are potential food allergens. Journal of Agricul- tural and Food Chemistry, 57(3), 938-943.
  33. Krishnan, H.B., Natarajan, S.S., Mahmoud, A.A. & Nelson, R.L. (2007) Identi- fication of glycinin and b-conglycinin subunits that contribute to the increased protein content of high-protein soybean lines. Journal of Agri- cultural and Food Chemistry, 55(5), 1839-1845.
  34. Ladin, B.F., Tierney, M.L., Meinke, D.W., Hos angadi, P., Veith, M. & Beachy, R.N. (1987) Developmental regulation of b-conglycinin in soybean axes and cotyledons. Plant Physiology, 84(1), 35-41.
  35. Leigh, J.W. & Bryant, D. (2015) PopART: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(9), 1110- 1116.
  36. Le on, J., Castillo, M.C., Coego, A., Lozano-Juste, J. & Mir, R. (2014) Diverse functional interactions between nitric oxide and abscisic acid in plant development and responses to stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(4), 907-921.
  37. Li, J., Sun, R., Li, Z., Wei, Z., Ren, Y., Wang, J. et al. (2019) Molecular identi- fication of a new soybean germplasm Zhonghuang 608 lacking of 7S globulin alpha' subunit. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 45(1), 18-25.
  38. Li, Q., Gao, Y. & Yang, A. (2020) Sulfur homeostasis in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(23), 8926.
  39. Liu, C.J., Deavours, B.E., Richard, S.B., Ferrer, J.L., Blount, J.W., Huhman, D. et al. (2006) Structural basis for dual functionality of isoflavonoid O- methyltransferases in the evolution of plant defense responses. The Plant Cell, 18(12), 3656-3669.
  40. Liu, S., Zhou, R., Tian, S. & Gai, J. (2007) A study on subunit groups of soy- bean protein extracts under SDS-PAGE. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 84, 793-801.
  41. Lu, S., Dong, L., Fang, C., Liu, S., Kong, L., Cheng, Q. et al. (2020) Stepwise selection on homeologous PRR genes controlling flowering and maturity during soybean domestication. Nature Genetics, 52(4), 428-436.
  42. Lu, Y., Lam, H., Pi, E., Zhan, Q., Tsai, S., Wang, C. et al. (2013) Comparative metabolomics in Glycine max and Glycine soja under salt stress to reveal the phenotypes of their offspring. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(36), 8711-8721.
  43. Manjarrez-Sandoval, P., Carter, T.E., Jr., Webb, D.M. & Burton, J.W. (1997) RFLP genetic similarity estimates and coefficient of parentage as genetic variance predictors for soybean yield. Crop Science, 37(3), 698-703.
  44. Michelfelder, A.J. (2009) Soy: a complete source of protein. American Family Physician, 79(1), 43-47.
  45. Nielsen, N.C., Dickinson, C.D., Cho, T.J., Thanh, V.H., Scallon, B.J., Fischer, R.L. et al. (1989) Characterization of the glycinin gene family in soybean. The Plant Cell, 1(3), 313-328.
  46. Nishiyama, R., Le, D.T., Watanabe, Y., Matsui, A., Tanaka, M., Seki, M. et al. (2012) Transcriptome analyses of a salt-tolerant cytokinin-deficient mutant reveal differential regulation of salt stress response by cytokinin deficiency. PLoS One, 7(2), e32124.
  47. Nishiyama, R., Watanabe, Y., Fujita, Y., Le, D.T., Kojima, M., Werner, T. et al. (2011) Analysis of cytokinin mutants and regulation of cytokinin metabolic genes reveals important regulatory roles of cytokinins in drought, salt and abscisic acid responses, and abscisic acid biosynthesis. Plant Cell, 23(6), 2169-2183.
  48. Ogawa, T., Bando, N., Tsuji, H., Nishikawa, K. & Kitamura, K. (1995) a- Subunit of b-conglycinin, an allergenic protein recognized by IgE anti- bodies of soybean-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 59(5), 831-833.
  49. Ogawa, T., Tayama, E., Kitamura, K. & Kaizuma, N. (1989) Genetic improve- ment of seed storage proteins using three variant alleles of 7S globulin subunits in soybean (Glycine max L.). Japanese Journal of Breeding, 39 (2), 137-147.
  50. Ouyang, Y., Chen, J., Xie, W., Wang, L. & Zhang, Q. (2009) Comprehensive sequence and expression profile analysis of hsp20 gene family in rice. Plant Molecular Biology, 70(3), 341-357.
  51. Pandey, B., Kaur, A., Gupta, O.P., Sharma, I. & Sharma, P. (2015) Identifica- tion of HSP20 gene family in wheat and barley and their differential expression profiling under heat stress. Applied Biochemistry and Bio- technology, 175(5), 2427-2446.
  52. Patil, G., Mian, R., Vuong, T., Pantalone, V., Song, Q., Chen, P. et al. (2017) Molecular mapping and genomics of soybean seed protein: a review and perspective for the future. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 130, 1975- 1991.
  53. Phang, T.H., Shao, G. & Lam, H.M. (2008) Salt tolerance in soybean. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(10), 1196-1212.
  54. Poysa, V., Woodrow, L. & Yu, K. (2006) Effect of soy protein subunit compo- sition on tofu quality. Food Research International, 39(3), 309-317.
  55. Purugganan, M.D. & Fuller, D.Q. (2009) The nature of selection during plant domestication. Nature, 457(7231), 843-848.
  56. Qin, P., Wang, T. & Luo, Y. (2022) A review on plant-based proteins from soybean: health benefits and soy product development. Journal of Agri- culture and Food Research, 7, 100265.
  57. Rausch, T. & Wachter, A. (2005) Sulfur metabolism: a versatile platform for launching defence operations. Trends in Plant Science, 10(10), 503-509.
  58. Rizzo, G. & Baroni, L. (2018) Soy, soy foods and their role in vegetarian diets. Nutrients, 10(1), 43.
  59. Rotundo, J.L., Borr as, L., Westgate, M.E. & Orf, J.H. (2009) Relationship between assimilate supply per seed during seed filling and soybean seed composition. Field Crops Research, 112(1), 90-96.
  60. Rozas, J., Ferrer-Mata, A., S anchez-DelBarrio, J.C., Guirao-Rico, S., Librado, P., Ramos-Onsins, S.E. et al. (2017) DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymor- phism analysis of large data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34 (12), 3299-3302.
  61. Saito, K. (2004) Sulfur assimilatory metabolism. The long and smelling road. Plant Physiology, 136(1), 2443-2450.
  62. Sanchez, D.H., Pieckenstain, F.L., Szymanski, J., Erban, A., Bromke, M., Hannah, M.A. et al. (2011) Comparative functional genomics of salt stress in related model and cultivated plants identifies and overcomes limitations to translational genomics. PLoS One, 6(2), e17094.
  63. Segura, V., Vilhj almsson, B.J., Platt, A., Korte, A., Seren, € U., Long, Q. et al. (2012) An efficient multi-locus mixed-model approach for genome-wide association studies in structured populations. Nature Genetics, 44(7), 825-830.
  64. Shi, H., Ye, T., Chen, F., Cheng, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, P. et al. (2013) Manipula- tion of arginase expression modulates abiotic stress tolerance in Arabi- dopsis: effect on arginine metabolism and ROS accumulation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64(5), 1367-1379.
  65. Singh, A., Meena, M., Kumar, D., Dubey, A.K. & Hassan, M.I. (2015) Struc- tural and functional analysis of various globulin proteins from soy seed. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55(11), 1491-1502.
  66. Speiser, A., Silbermann, M., Dong, Y., Haberland, S., Uslu, V.V., Wang, S. et al. (2018) Sulfur partitioning between glutathione and protein synthe- sis determines plant growth. Plant Physiology, 177(3), 927-937.
  67. Sun, Y., Zhou, Y., Long, Q., Xing, J., Guo, P., Liu, Y. et al. (2024) OsBCAT2, a gene responsible for the degradation of branched-chain amino acids, positively regulates salt tolerance by promoting the synthesis of vitamin B5. The New Phytologist, 241(6), 2558-2574.
  68. Tran, L.S., Shinozaki, K. & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2010) Role of cytokinin responsive two-component system in ABA and osmotic stress signal- ings. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 5(2), 148-150.
  69. Tran, L.S.P., Urao, T., Qin, F., Maruyama, K., Kakimoto, T., Shinozaki, K. et al. (2007) Functional analysis of AHK1/ATHK1 and cytokinin receptor histidine kinases in response to abscisic acid, drought, and salt stress in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(51), 20623-20628.
  70. Tsumura, K., Saito, T., Kugimiya, W. & Inouye, K. (2004) Selective proteoly- sis of the glycinin and b-conglycinin fractions in a soy protein isolate by pepsin and papain with controlled pH and temperature. Journal of Food Science, 69(5), C363-C367.
  71. Vierling, E. (1991) The roles of heat shock proteins in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 42(1), 579-620.
  72. Wu, W., Zhang, C. & Hua, Y. (2009) Structural modification of soy protein by the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(8), 1416-1423.
  73. Yoshino, M., Kanazawa, A., Tsutsumi, K.I., Nakamura, I. & Shimamoto, Y. (2001) Structure and characterization of the gene encoding a subu- nit of soybean b-conglycinin. Genes & Genetic Systems, 76(2), 99-105.
  74. Yuan, W.J. (2023) Genetic dissection of seed protein and sulfur containing amino acid contents and functional analysis of gene GmAAR1 in soy- bean. Dissertation, Nanjing Agricultural University.
  75. Yusuf, M., Hasan, S.A., Ali, B., Hayat, S., Fariduddin, Q. & Ahmad, A. (2008) Effect of salicylic acid on salinity-induced changes in Brassica juncea. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(9), 1096-1102.
  76. Zarkadas, C.G., Gagnon, C., Poysa, V., Khanizadeh, S., Cober, E.R., Chang, V. et al. (2007) Protein quality and identification of the storage protein subunits of tofu and null soybean genotypes, using amino acid analysis, one-and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and tandem mass spec- trometry. Food Research International, 40(1), 111-128.
  77. Zeng, A., Chen, P., Shi, A., Wang, D., Zhang, B., Orazaly, M. et al. (2014) Identification of quantitative trait loci for sucrose content in soybean seed. Crop Science, 54(2), 554-564.
  78. Zhang, H., Jiang, H., Hu, Z., Song, Q. & An, Y.Q.C. (2022) Development of a versatile resource for post-genomic research through consolidating and characterizing 1500 diverse wild and cultivated soybean genomes. BMC Genomics, 23(1), 250.
  79. Zhang, H.Y. & Zhao, K.F. (1998) Effects of salt and water stresses on osmotic adjustment of Suaeda salsa seedlings. Journal of Integrative Plant Biol- ogy, 40(1), 56-61.
  80. Zhang, J., Yang, D., Li, M. & Shi, L. (2016) Metabolic profiles reveal changes in wild and cultivated soybean seedling leaves under salt stress. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159622.
  81. Zhang, P., Du, H., Wang, J., Pu, Y., Yang, C., Yan, R. et al. (2020) Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9-mediated metabolic engineering increases soya bean iso- flavone content and resistance to soya bean mosaic virus. Plant Biotech- nology Journal, 18(6), 1384-1395.
  82. Zhao, Q., Geng, J., Du, Y., Li, S., Yuan, X., Zhu, J. et al. (2022) The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) SULTR gene family: genome-wide identifica- tion, phylogeny, evolutionary expansion and expression patterns. Bio- technology & Biotechnological Equipment, 36(1), 724-736.
  83. Zhu, J.K. (2001) Plant salt tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 6(2), 66-71.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Yang, R., Ma, Y., Yang, Z., Pu, Y., Liu, M., Du, J., Xu, Z., Xu, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Zhang, W., Yu, D., & Kan, G.
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
  • Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
  • College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology Henan China
  • State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Harbin China
  • Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
ORCID
Kan, Guizhen
Venue
The Plant Journal
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2024-10-09
Volume
120
Issue
4
Pages
1488-1507
ISSN
  • 0960-7412
  • 1365-313X
DOI
10.1111/tpj.17062
Cited by
23
References
0
Language
en
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Funders
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFF1001204)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (32090065, 32372169)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20210154)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review