Heat-induced gelation of ultrasonically extracted saline-alkali-grown soybean protein: Correlation between protein conformation and gel functional behavior

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The amide I region at 1600-1700 cm−1 is highly sensitive to changes in protein secondary structure and can be used to assess variations in α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil structures.

“Previous studies have also indicated that the amide I region at 1600-1700 cm 1 is highly sensitive to changes in protein secondary structure and can be used to assess variations in α -helix, β -sheet, β -turn, and random coil structures (L. Chen et al., 2019; Tong et al., 2022).”

• cites L. Chen et al., 2019 sourceCould not verify

  No passage in our indexed copy addresses the amide I region or its use to assess α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn, and random-coil structures. Searches for the wavenumber range, amide I, FTIR, and secondary structure returned no relevant passage; the only result for “structure” was a recent-citations entry, not evidence for this claim. (LLM, conf=0.71)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Tong et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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UAE enhanced the elasticity and structural stability of saline-alkali soybean protein gels.

“indicating that UAE enhanced the elasticity and structural stability of saline-alkali soybean protein gels (Barekat & Ubeyitogullari, 2025; Ren et al., 2024).”

• cites Barekat & Ubeyitogullari, 2025 sourceCould not verify

  Section 2.4 describes sonication during preparation of a soy protein isolate gel, and Section 3.6 discusses the shape stability of a printed sorghum–soy gel. Neither passage says that UAE enhanced elasticity or structural stability in saline-alkali soybean protein gels; searches for UAE, saline-alkali gels, and an ultrasound-treatment comparison found no such result. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Ren et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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The band positions were generally consistent among all samples, and no obvious new or missing bands were observed, indicating that neither soybean source nor extraction method altered the major protein subunit composition.

“The band positions were generally consistent among all samples, and no obvious new or missing bands were observed, indicating that neither soybean source nor extraction method altered the major protein subunit composition.”

May combine two claims.

Among all influencing factors, the quadratic term of ultrasonic power (A2) had the most significant effect on protein concentration, followed by the linear term of alkali dissolution pH (C) and the quadratic term of ultrasonic time (B2).

“Among all influencing factors, the quadratic term of ultrasonic power (A 2 ) had the most significant effect on protein concentration, followed by the linear term of alkali dissolution pH (C) and the quadratic term of ultrasonic time (B 2 ).”

May combine two claims.

The WHC of samples subjected to UAE treatment was markedly greater than that of those obtained via the AD-AP procedure, and the WHC of QP increased by approximately 111%, higher than JP (≈81%), LP (≈86%), and AP (≈81%).

“In general, the WHC of samples subjected to UAE treatment was markedly greater than that of those obtained via the AD-AP procedure (Fig. 2B)”

• Also stated in: § 3.5. Protein water-holding capacity (WHC) · p. 9 · plain

  “Specifically, the WHC of QP increased by approximately 111% after ultrasonic treatment, which was higher than that of JP ( ≈ 81%), LP ( ≈ 86%), and AP ( ≈ 81%).”

May combine two claims.

All samples exhibited typical mid-infrared FTIR absorption bands of soy protein, including the amide I band at 1658.91 cm−1, the amide II band at 1528.00 cm−1, and the amide III band at 1237.82 cm−1.

“All samples exhibited typical mid-infrared FTIR absorption bands of soy protein, including the amide I band at 1658.91 cm 1 , the amide II band at 1528.00 cm 1 , and the amide III band at 1237.82 cm 1”

May combine two claims.

The disulfide bond contents of QP, JP, LP, and AP increased by approximately 10%, 12%, 13%, and 11%, respectively, after ultrasound-assisted extraction.

“the disulfide bond contents of QP, JP, LP, and AP increased by approximately 10%, 12%, 13%, and 11%, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

QP showed the strongest CD signal and AP the weakest.

“with QP showing the strongest CD signal and AP the weakest”

May combine two claims.

Both the CD spectra and secondary-structure analysis showed a slight decrease in α-helix content and a slight increase in β-sheet content after sonication.

“both the CD spectra and secondary-structure analysis showed a slight decrease in α -helix content and a slight increase in β -sheet content after sonication”

May combine two claims.

After UAE treatment, the 11S/7S ratio increased in QP, LP, and AP, with U-QP exhibiting the highest value, followed by U-LP, indicating a relatively higher proportion of 11S in these samples.

“After UAE treat­ ment, the 11S/7S ratio increased in QP, LP, and AP, with U-QP exhib­ iting the highest value, followed by U-LP, indicating a relatively higher proportion of 11S in these samples.”

May combine two claims.

The lack-of-fit assessment yielded a nonsignificant result (p = 0.1678), from which it was inferred that the model provided an adequate description of the data.

“The lack-of-fit assessment yielded a nonsignificant result (p = 0.1678), from which it was inferred that the model provided an adequate description of the data.”

May combine two claims.

AP displayed the least uniform structure, with larger pores, rough pore walls, and obvious lamellar stacking.

“AP displayed the least uniform structure, with larger pores, rough pore walls, and obvious lamellar stacking.”

May combine two claims.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction induced slight blue shifts and changes in peak shape.

“but it induced slight blue shifts and changes in peak shape”

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Although the disulfide bond content of U-AP increased to approximately 4.63 mg/mL, its hydrophobic interaction content remained relatively low, while its ionic bond content increased more noticeably.

“Although the disulfide bond content of U-AP increased to approximately 4.63 mg/mL, its hydrophobic interaction content remained relatively low, while its ionic bond content increased more noticeably.”

May combine two claims.

Compared with AP, soybean proteins derived from saline-alkali soil, including QP, JP, and LP, exhibited better shape retention, with QP and LP showing more complete gel structures.

“Compared with AP, soybean proteins derived from saline-alkali soil, including QP, JP, and LP, exhibited better shape retention, with QP and LP showing more complete gel structures.”

May combine two claims.

In strain sweep, G′ and G′′ remained relatively stable within the low-strain region, whereas both moduli decreased rapidly with increasing strain.

“G ′ and G ″ remained relatively stable within the low-strain region, whereas both moduli decreased rapidly with increasing strain”

May combine two claims.

All samples were able to form gel structures and maintain their basic shape when inverted.

“all samples were able to form gel structures and maintain their basic shape when inverted”

The quote only partly states this claim.

LP and JP showed intermediate levels of hydrophobic interaction and disulfide bond contents.

“LP and JP showed intermediate levels”

May combine two claims.

Within the UAE group, QP exhibited the most compact and homogeneous network, with fine interconnected pores and an intact cross-linked framework.

“Within the UAE group, QP exhibited the most compact and homogeneous network, with fine interconnected pores and an intact cross-linked framework.”

May combine two claims.

At a protein concentration of 10%, all samples formed relatively stable gels on day 0 and maintained their basic shape when placed at an inclined angle.

“at a protein concentration of 10%, all samples formed relatively stable gels on day 0 and maintained their basic shape when placed at an inclined angle.”

May combine two claims.

AP had the lowest hydrophobic interaction and disulfide bond contents, approximately 1.75 and 3.57 mg/mL, respectively.

“whereas AP had the lowest hydrophobic interaction and disulfide bond contents, approximately 1.75 and 3.57 mg/mL, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

JP presented slightly enlarged local pores and reduced network continuity.

“whereas JP presented slightly enlarged local pores and reduced network continuity.”

May combine two claims.

In the frequency sweep, both G′ and G′′ increased with increasing frequency, and G′ was always higher than G′′.

“In the frequency sweep (Fig. 9C), both G ′ and G ʹ ʹ increased with increasing frequency, and G ʹ was always higher than G ʹ ʹ”

May combine two claims.

The AP gel showed irregular edges and obvious local collapse.

“The AP gel showed irregular edges and obvious local collapse”

May combine two claims.

At 100× magnification, the AD-AP samples exhibited a relatively rough network structure, with larger and irregularly distributed pores, accompanied by local fractures, collapse, or lamellar aggregation.

“At 100 × magnification, the AD-AP samples exhibited a relatively rough network structure, with larger and irregularly distributed pores, accompanied by local fractures, collapse, or lamellar aggregation”

May combine two claims.

U-QP showed a markedly lower maximum creep compliance (Jmax) and more complete strain recovery during the recovery phase.

“U-QP showing a markedly lower maximum creep compliance (Jmax) and more complete strain recovery during the recovery phase”

May combine two claims.

After ultrasound treatment, the integrity and uniformity of all gels were improved, and edge collapse was reduced, particularly in U-QP and U-LP.

“After ultrasound treatment, the integrity and uniformity of all gels were improved, and edge collapse was reduced, particularly in U-QP and U-LP”

May combine two claims.

Gumminess and chewiness were further improved after ultrasound treatment, with U-QP showing relatively superior performance.

“and were further improved after ultrasound treatment, with U-QP showing relatively superior performance.”

May combine two claims.

UAE-treated samples formed a more uniform, continuous, and compact three-dimensional network, characterized by smaller and more regularly distributed pores as well as a more intact gel skeleton.

“the UAE-treated samples formed a more uniform, continuous, and compact threedimensional network, characterized by smaller and more regularly distributed pores as well as a more intact gel skeleton.”

May combine two claims.

Ionic bonds were negatively correlated with most textural and rheological parameters, while hydrophobic interactions were positively associated with G′ and G′′.

“Regarding inter­ molecular interactions, ionic bonds were negatively correlated with most textural and rheological parameters, while hydrophobic in­ teractions were positively associated with G ′ and G ″ .”

May combine two claims.

The 11S/7S ratio was significantly positively correlated with β-sheet and S-S contents, as well as with hardness, fracturability, gumminess, chewiness, firmness, WHC, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G′′), while it was negatively correlated with α-helix content and Jmax.

“The 11S/7S ratio was significantly positively correlated with β -sheet and S-S contents, as well as with hardness, fracturability, gumminess, chewiness, firmness, WHC, storage modulus (G ′ ), and loss modulus (G ″ ), while it was negatively correlated with α -helix content and Jmax.”

May combine two claims.

U-QP exhibited the lowest creep deformation and the greatest recovery.

“In contrast, U-QP exhibited the lowest creep deformation and the greatest recovery”

May combine two claims.

AP had the highest shear strain and residual strain.

“The creep-recovery results showed that AP had the highest shear strain and residual strain”

May combine two claims.

Compared with AD-AP, UAE significantly improved protein extraction yield and enhanced water-holding capacity and gel properties, particularly for soybean proteins from soybeans cultivated in saline-alkali soil.

“Compared with AD-AP, UAE significantly improved protein extraction yield and enhanced water-holding capacity and gel proper­ ties, particularly for soybean proteins from soybeans cultivated in salinealkali soil.”

May combine two claims.

Consequently, the gels exhibited higher hardness, greater water-holding capacity, stronger elastic behavior, and improved storage stability.

“Consequently, the gels exhibited higher hardness, greater waterholding capacity, stronger elastic behavior, and improved storage sta­ bility.”

May combine two claims.

β-sheet and S-S contents showed significant positive correlations with most textural parameters, WHC, G′, and G′′, whereas α-helix and β-turn contents exhibited significant negative correlations with these gel properties.

“In particular, β -sheet and S-S contents showed significant positive correlations with most textural parameters, WHC, G ′ , and G ″ , whereas α -helix and β -turn contents exhibited signif­ icant negative correlations with these gel properties.”

May combine two claims.

Strong positive correlations were observed among textural properties, WHC, G′, and G′′, whereas Jmax was negatively correlated with most of these parameters.

“Moreover, strong positive correlations were observed among textural properties, WHC, G ′ , and G ″ , whereas Jmax was negatively correlated with most of these pa­ rameters.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

All experiments were independently performed in triplicate, and the resulting data are reported as the mean ± standard deviation.

“All experiments were independently performed in triplicate, and the resulting data are reported as the mean ± standard deviation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Byanju et al. reported a decrease in α-helix and an increase in β-structure after ultrasound treatment, which may be related to acoustic cavitation-induced perturbation of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.

“Byanju et al. also reported a decrease in α -helix and an increase in β -structure after ultrasound treatment, which may be related to acoustic cavitation-induced perturbation of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions (Byanju et al., 2020).”

• cites Byanju et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The polarity of the local environment near hydrophobic side chains is commonly monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, which can reveal alterations in the three-dimensional conformation of proteins.

“The polarity of the local environment near hydrophobic side chains is commonly monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, which can reveal alterations in the three-dimensional conformation of proteins (Z. Ma et al., 2022).”

• cites Z. Ma et al., 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Proteins from soybeans grown in saline-alkali soils may possess a looser tertiary structure, allowing aromatic amino acid residues to become more exposed to the surrounding environment.

“This suggests that proteins from soybeans grown in saline-alkali soils may possess a looser tertiary structure, allowing aromatic amino acid residues to become more exposed to the surrounding environment.”

May combine two claims.

The synergistic contribution of the ultrasonic-induced changes facilitated protein aggregation and cross-linking, resulting in a more compact and continuous three-dimensional gel network and consequently improving the gel properties.

“The synergistic contribution of these changes facilitated protein aggregation and cross-linking, resulting in the formation of a more compact and continuous three-dimensional gel network and consequently improving the gel properties.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The positive band at approximately 190-195 nm and the negative band near 208 nm are associated with β-sheet and α-helical structures, respectively.

“Tan et al. reported that the positive band at approximately 190-195 nm and the negative band near 208 nm are associated with β -sheet and α -helical structures, respectively (Tan et al., 2024).”

• cites Tan et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Under the optimal extraction parameters of 420 W sonication power, 20 min treatment duration, and pH 9.36, the experimentally measured protein concentration was 54.72 mg/mL, close to the predicted 55.00 mg/mL, confirming the validity of the model.

“Under these conditions, the experimentally measured protein concentration was 54.72 mg/mL, which was close to the pre­ dicted value of 55.00 mg/mL, thereby confirming the validity of the model.”

May combine two claims.

The traditional alkali dissolution-acid precipitation method suffers from low extraction efficiency, severe protein aggregation, and poor functional properties.

“However, it suffers from low extraction efficiency, severe protein aggregation, and poor functional properties (Chandran et al., 2024; Luthria et al., 2018; Y. Zhao et al., 2022).”

• cites Chandran et al., 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Luthria et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Y. Zhao et al., 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

May combine two claims.

This may explain the improved gel strength, textural stability, and water-holding capacity of saline-alkali soybean proteins, particularly U-QP.

“which may explain the improved gel strength, textural stability, and water-holding capacity of saline-alkali soybean proteins, particularly U-QP.”

May combine two claims.

QP, JP, and LP, particularly after UAE treatment, were more prone to forming compact and stable gel networks, thereby enhancing water immobilization.

“Overall, QP, JP, and LP, particularly after UAE treatment, were more prone to forming compact and stable gel networks, thereby enhancing water immobilization.”

May combine two claims.

QP and some other samples had denser gel networks and stronger structural integrity.

“indicating denser gel networks and stronger structural integrity (Guannan Liu, Jin, et al., 2025; Ren et al., 2024; Sun et al., 2025; Zou et al., 2026).”

• cites Guannan Liu, Jin, et al., 2025Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ren et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sun et al., 2025 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

UAE enhanced gel storage stability by promoting moderate protein unfolding, strengthening intermolecular cross-linking, and restricting water migration.

“suggesting that UAE enhanced gel storage stability by promoting moderate protein unfold­ ing, strengthening intermolecular cross-linking, and restricting water migration (Qiu et al., 2025; Zou et al., 2026).”

• cites Qiu et al., 2025 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Zou et al., 2026 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

T2 relaxation time in LF-NMR can effectively reflect the water state and molecular mobility in gel systems; a shorter T2 relaxation time generally indicates stronger restriction of water molecules by the gel network and reduced water mobility.

“Previous studies have demonstrated that T2 relaxation time in LF-NMR can effectively reflect the water state and molecular mobility in gel systems; a shorter T2 relaxation time generally indicates stronger restriction of water molecules by the gel network and reduced water mobility (Ren et al., 2025; Xin et al., 2025; Y. Zhao et al., 2024).”

• cites Ren et al., 2025 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Xin et al., 2025 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites Y. Zhao et al., 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

QP and U-QP combined a relatively high 11S/7S ratio with higher disulfide-bond content.

“QP and U-QP combined a relatively high 11S/7S ratio with higher disulfide-bond content”

May combine two claims.

The increased availability of these reactive sites strengthens hydrophobic association and promotes the formation of disulfide linkages, thereby contributing to a more organized and densely cross-linked gel network.

“The increased availability of these reactive sites strengthens hydrophobic association and promotes the formation of disulfide linkages, thereby contributing to a more organized and densely cross-linked gel network (Teng et al., 2026).”

• cites Teng et al., 2026 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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This moderate degree of unfolding could enhance the exposure of active groups and improve intermolecular interactions.

“This moderate degree of unfolding could enhance exposure of active groups and improve intermolecular interactions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Tong et al. reported that ultrasound treatment promoted the structural unfolding of soy protein and exposed hydrophobic regions.

“Tong et al. further reported that ultrasound treatment promoted the structural unfolding of soy protein and exposed hydrophobic regions (Z. Ma et al., 2022; Tong et al., 2022).”

• cites Z. Ma et al., 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tong et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This coincided with higher gel hardness, higher elastic modulus, a denser SEM network, and stronger water immobilization.

“which coincided with higher gel hardness, higher elastic modulus, a denser SEM network, and stronger water immobilization.”

May combine two claims.

Ionic and hydrogen bonds were more closely associated with water retention and the improvement of network uniformity.

“By contrast, ionic and hydrogen bonds were more closely associated with water retention and the improvement of network uniformity.”

May combine two claims.

A larger proportion of free water was trapped inside the gel matrix and subsequently transformed into a less mobile state.

“and that a larger proportion of free water was trapped inside the gel matrix and subsequently transformed into a less mobile state.”

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The gel systems were dominated by elastic responses and had formed relatively stable three-dimensional network structures.

“indicating that the gel systems were dominated by elastic responses and had formed relatively stable three-dimensional network structures.”

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The gel systems were dominated by elastic behavior and had formed three-dimensional network structures.

“suggesting that the gel systems were dominated by elastic behavior and had formed three-dimensional network struc­ tures (Fig. S4B -C).”

May combine two claims.

AP and U-AP gels had a relatively loose network structure and weaker restriction on water molecules.

“indicating a relatively loose network structure and weaker restriction on water molecules.”

May combine two claims.

Compared with AP, QP showed greater structural integrity and resistance to deformation.

“Compared with AP, QP showed greater structural integrity and resistance to deformation.”

May combine two claims.

The peak appearing at a shorter relaxation time was assigned to bound water (T21), which was more strongly associated with the protein network.

“In contrast, the peak appearing at a shorter relaxation time was assigned to bound water (T21), which was more strongly associated with the protein network.”

May combine two claims.

Both the intrinsic varietal characteristics of saline-alkali soybean proteins and UAE treatment contributed to improved gel elasticity, deformation resistance, and structural stability, with U-QP showing the best overall performance.

“Therefore, both the intrinsic varietal characteristics of saline-alkali soybean proteins and UAE treatment contributed to improved gel elasticity, deformation resistance, and structural stability, with U-QP showing the best overall performance.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Yang and co-workers revealed that ultrasound treatment could alter the proportional roles of ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic forces, and disulfide crosslinks within soy protein gels, and that such changes were dependent on the pH environment.

“the study by Yang and co-workers revealed that ultrasound treatment could alter the proportional roles of ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic forces, and disulfide crosslinks within soy protein gels, and that such changes were dependent on the pH environment (J. Yang et al., 2023).”

• cites J. Yang et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

May combine two claims.

Ultrasound treatment promoted moderate protein unfolding and enhanced intermolecular interactions, thereby improving the gel network structure.

“These results indicate that ultrasound treatment promoted moderate protein unfolding and enhanced intermolecular interactions, thereby improving the gel network structure”

May combine two claims.

QP's higher G′ indicates a denser gel network and stronger structural support.

“indicating a denser gel network and stronger structural support”

May combine two claims.

QP had a denser gel network and stronger elastic response.

“indicating a denser gel network and stronger elastic response.”

May combine two claims.

AD-AP samples had poor network continuity and compactness.

“indicating poor network continuity and compactness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yang and colleagues reported that disulfide linkages constituted the major intermolecular force controlling the formation of thermally induced gels from soy protein hydrolysates.

“Yang and colleagues reported that disulfide linkages constituted the major intermolecular force controlling the formation of thermally induced gels from soy protein hydrolysates (J. Yang et al., 2023)”

• cites J. Yang et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

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Ultrasound treatment further strengthened protein-protein cross-linking and improved gel network formation.

“whereas ultrasound treatment further strengthened protein-protein cross-linking and improved gel network formation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ren et al. demonstrated that the water-fixation ability of gel systems is closely associated with network integrity and intermolecular interactions, and that a stable gel network can reduce water migration and release.

“Ren et al. also demonstrated that the water-fixation ability of gel systems is closely associated with network integrity and intermolecular interactions, and that a stable gel network can reduce water migration and release (Ren et al., 2024).”

• cites Ren et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This result was consistent with the higher storage modulus and elasticity-dominated behavior observed in the amplitude, time, and frequency sweep tests, pointing to the establishment of a tighter and improved gel architecture in the U-QP system.

“This result was consistent with the higher storage modulus and elasticity-dominated behavior observed in the amplitude, time, and frequency sweep tests, pointing to the establishment of a tighter and improved gel architecture in the U-QP system.”

May combine two claims.

Ultrasonic treatment induced conformational rearrangement of the protein chains, promoting the exposure of thiol groups and aromatic side chains and thereby facilitating disulfide crosslinking, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding under thermal conditions.

“Second, ultrasonic treatment induced conformational rearrangement of the protein chains, promoting the exposure of thiol groups and aromatic side chains and thereby facilitating disulfide crosslinking, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding under thermal conditions.”

May combine two claims.

The observed enhancement can be ascribed to moderate protein unfolding brought about by ultrasonic treatment, which increases the accessibility of nonpolar and thiol moieties, reinforces hydrophobic associations and disulfide bridging, and thus improves the viscoelastic stability of gels under chilled conditions.

“The observed enhancement can be ascribed to mod­ erate protein unfolding brought about by ultrasonic treatment, which increases the accessibility of nonpolar and thiol moieties, reinforces hydrophobic associations and disulfide bridging, and thus improves the viscoelastic stability of gels under chilled conditions.”

• cites Qiu et al., 2025 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

AP had poorer resistance to deformation and weaker recovery ability.

“indicating poorer resistance to deformation and weaker recovery ability (Fig. S4D).”