Opioid‐mediated muscle afferents inhibit central motor drive and limit peripheral muscle fatigue development in humans

Abstract

We investigated the role of somatosensory feedback from locomotor muscles on central motor drive (CMD) and the development of peripheral fatigue during high‐intensity endurance exercise. In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design, eight cyclists randomly performed three 5 km time trials: control, interspinous ligament injection of saline (5K Plac , L3–L4) or intrathecal fentanyl (5K Fent , L3–L4) to impair cortical projection of opioid‐mediated muscle afferents. Peripheral quadriceps fatigue was assessed via changes in force output pre‐ versus postexercise in response to supramaximal magnetic femoral nerve stimulation (ΔQ tw ). The CMD during the time trials was estimated via quadriceps electromyogram (iEMG). Fentanyl had no effect on quadriceps strength. Impairment of neural feedback from the locomotor muscles increased iEMG during the first 2.5 km of 5K Fent versus 5K Plac by 12 ± 3% ( P < 0.05); during the second 2.5 km, iEMG was similar between trials. Power output was also 6 ± 2% higher during the first and 11 ± 2% lower during the second 2.5 km of 5K Fent versus 5K Plac (both P < 0.05). Capillary blood lactate was higher (16.3 ± 0.5 versus 12.6 ± 1.0%) and arterial haemoglobin O 2 saturation was lower (89 ± 1 versus 94 ± 1%) during 5K Fent versus 5K Plac . Exercise‐induced ΔQ tw was greater following 5K Fent versus 5K Plac (−46 ± 2 versus −33 ± 2%, P < 0.001). Our results emphasize the critical role of somatosensory feedback from working muscles on the centrally mediated determination of CMD. Attenuated afferent feedback from exercising locomotor muscles results in an overshoot in CMD and power output normally chosen by the athlete, thereby causing a greater rate of accumulation of muscle metabolites and excessive development of peripheral muscle fatigue.