The Positive Consequences of Pain: A Biopsychosocial Approach

Bastian, Brock; Jetten, Jolanda; Hornsey, Matthew J.; Leknes, Siri

doi:10.1177/1088868314527831

Cited by 91Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionPain Mechanisms and Treatments

The Positive Consequences of Pain: A Biopsychosocial Approach

Bastian, Brock, Jetten, Jolanda, Hornsey, Matthew J., Leknes, Siri·2014·Personality and Social Psychology Review

DOI 10.1177/1088868314527831

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Abstract

Pain is mostly thought of as a problem—as debilitating or harmful. Despite its unpleasantness, however, under some conditions pain can be associated with positive consequences. In this review, we explore these positive biological, psychological, and social consequences of pain. We highlight three different domains in which pain may be considered to have positive consequences. First, pain facilitates pleasure by providing an important contrast for pleasurable experiences, increasing sensitivity to sensory input, and facilitating self-rewarding behavior. Second, pain augments self-regulation and enhancement by increasing cognitive control, reducing rumination, and demonstrating virtue. Third, pain promotes affiliation by arousing empathy from others, motivating social connection, and enhancing group formation. Drawing on evidence scattered across a range of academic fields, we provide for reflection on how pain is represented, generate insights into pain-seeking behavior, and draw attention to the role of painful experiences in maximizing positive outcomes.

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Pain experience can improve affiliation with others, and such motivation can be explained by the 'tend-and-befriend hypothesis'.
“In accordance with the positive function of pain proposed by Bastian et al,155 “pain experience can improve affiliation with others, and such motivation can be explained by the ‘tend-and-befriend hypothesis’”.”
From Pain and Evil: From Local Nociception to Misery Following Social Harm (2020) · cites this paper as [155]

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Why Do People Hurt Themselves? A New Conceptual Model of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Hooley, J., & Franklin, J. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617745641 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare
Colditz, I. G., & Hine, B. C. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15297 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Exploring the East-West Divide in Prevalence of Affective Disorder: A Case for Cultural Differences in Coping With Negative Emotion
Vaus, J. D., Hornsey, M. J., Kuppens, P., & Bastian, B. B. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317736222 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citation
Consideration of culture is vital if we are to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
Zheng, X., Wang, R., Hoekstra, A. Y., Krol, M. S., Zhang, Y., Guo, K., Sanwal, M., Sun, Z., Zhu, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2021) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.012 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The meaning of labour pain: how the social environment and other contextual factors shape women’s experiences
Whitburn, L. Y., Jones, L. E., Davey, M., & Small, R. E. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1343-3 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The role of hedonics in the Human Affectome
Becker, S., Bräscher, A., Bannister, S., Bensafi, M., Calma‐Birling, D., Chan, R. C. K., Eerola, T., Ellingsen, D., Ferdenzi, C., Hanson, J. L., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.003 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Understanding of anesthesia – Why consciousness is essential for life and not based on genes
Baluška, F., Yokawa, K., Mancuso, S., & Baverstock, K. F. (2016) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.1080/19420889.2016.1238118 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Meaning makes touch affective
Sailer, U., & Leknes, S. (2022) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.101099 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Can People Benefit From Acute Stress? Social Support, Psychological Improvement, and Resilience After the Virginia Tech Campus Shootings
Mancini, A. D., Littleton, H., & Grills, A. E. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615601001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Analgesics and Sport Performance: Beyond the Pain‐Modulating Effects
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Authors: Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Leknes, S.
Affiliations: UNSW Sydney (AU)
The University of Queensland (AU)
University of Oslo (NO)
ORCID: Bastian, Brock
Jetten, Jolanda
Hornsey, Matthew J.
Leknes, Siri
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-04-12
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 256-279
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1177/1088868314527831
OpenAlex: W2123676445
Cited by: 91
References: 354
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 17.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: pain, pleasure, contrast effects, self-regulation, cognitive control, rumination, virtue, empathy, social affiliation, group formation

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The Positive Consequences of Pain: A Biopsychosocial Approach

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