Analysis and Optimization of Thermal Stratification and Self-Pressurization Effects in Liquid Hydrogen Storage Systems—Part 1: Model Development
Abstract
This paper reports on analyses and optimization studies of problems associated with liquid hydrogen thermal stratification and self-pressurization in cryogenic vessels. Three different pressure rise models were employed to calculate the self-pressurization and boil-off rates. These are a homogeneous model, a surface-evaporation model, and a thermal stratification model. The first two models are based on the assumption that no temperature gradients exist in the tank, while the thermal stratification model takes the temperature distribution into account. Employing the thermal stratification model, temperature gradients and their effect on the pressure rise rates in liquid hydrogen tanks are analyzed.
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Heat ingress causes the vapor temperature to increase faster than that of the liquid due to the vapor's higher thermal diffusivity, resulting in heat conduction across the vapor-liquid interface and a temperature gradient in the top layer of the liquid phase with the interface at a higher temperature than the bulk liquid (thermal stratification).
“Additionally, heat ingress causes the vapor temperature to increase faster than that of the liquid due to the vapor's higher thermal diffusivity (α = κ/ρ•c p ), resulting in heat conduction across the vapor-liquid interface, and thus a temperature gradient in the top layer of the liquid phase with the interface at a higher temperature than the bulk liquid: this is known as thermal stratification [”
From Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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Cited by 82
- Authors
- Gursu, S., Sherif, S. A., Veziroglu, T. N., & Sheffield, J. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Sherif, S. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Energy Resources Technology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-09-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 221-227
- ISSN
- 0195-0738 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-8994
- OpenAlex
- W2064803506
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Energy Resources Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Miami
- Clean Energy Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Keywords
- liquid hydrogen storage, thermal stratification, self-pressurization, cryogenic vessels, boil-off rate, surface evaporation, temperature gradient, homogeneous model
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