The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Review of the ARPA Speech Understanding Project
Abstract
In September of 1976, four speech understanding systems were demonstrated, signifying the end of a five-year program of research and development sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The best performance was displayed by the Harpy system developed at Carnegie–Mellon University. Harpy satisfied a set of design goals that were specified at the beginning of the program, including the gal of understanding over 90% of a set of naturally spoken sentences composed from a 1000-word lexicon. After defining the nature of the speech understanding problem, the four systems are described and critically evaluated. Based on this review, a structure for a next-generation speech understanding system is proposed and parts of it are considered as a possible model of the early stages of speech perception. The perceptual model addresses the issue of lexical access and includes a decoding network composed of expected spectral sequences for all word strings of English.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The Hearsay-II Speech-Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty
Erman, L. D., Hayes-Roth, F., Lesser, V. R., & Reddy, D. R. (1980) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/356810.356816 · Cited by 1,357
Epenthetic vowels in Japanese: A perceptual illusion?
Dupoux, E., Kakehi, K., Hirose, Y., Pallier, C., & Mehler, J. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.6.1568 · Cited by 555
Interacting with computers by voice: automatic speech recognition and synthesis
O'Shaughnessy, D. (2003) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2003.817117 · Cited by 132
The Process of Question Answering -- A Computer Simulation of Cognition
Colclough, M., & Lehnert, W. G. (1979) · The Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/3009325 · Cited by 98
Metadata
- Authors
- Klatt, D. H.
- Venue
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
- Publisher
- Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
- Published
- 1977-12-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1345-1366
- ISSN
- 0001-4966 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-8524
- OpenAlex
- W4240043473
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 19.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Review of the ARPA Speech Understanding Project. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1121/1.381666
- The paper
- Klatt, D. H. (1977). Review of the ARPA Speech Understanding Project. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381666
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
