Cited by 249Phonetics and Phonology ResearchEFL/ESL Teaching and LearningLinguistic Variation and Morphology

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Production and perception of a novel, second-language phonetic contrast

Flege, James Emil·1993·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Abstract

Four experiments, all of which focused on vowel duration, assessed Chinese subjects’ production and perception of the contrast between /t/ and /d/ in the final position of English words. Vowel duration was measured in minimal pairs in the first experiment. The stimuli in natural-edited beat–bead and bat–bad continua in which vowel duration varied in 20-ms steps were then presented to native English and Chinese subjects in a forced-choice test, in an experiment using the method of adjustment, and in an imitation task. The non-natives who learned English in childhood closely resembled native speakers in all four experiments. Three groups of non-natives who had learned English as a second language in adulthood, on the other hand, differed from the native speakers. The late learners produced significantly longer vowels in words ending in /d/ than /t/. However, the late learners’ vowel duration differences were much smaller than the native speakers’, and were correlated significantly with degree of foreign accent in English. The late learners differed from the native speakers in several ways in the two perception experiments, and also in the imitation task. The pattern of significant and nonsignificant between-group differences, but not data for individual subjects, was consistent with the hypothesis that L2 (second language) production accuracy is limited by the adequacy of perceptual representations for sounds in the L2.

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Authors: Flege, J. E.
Affiliations: University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Corresponding author: Flege, James Emil
ORCID: Flege, James Emil
Venue: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
Published: 1993-03-01
Volume: 93
Issue: 3
Pages: 1589-1608
ISSN: 0001-4966 (ISSN-L)
1520-8524
DOI: 10.1121/1.406818
OpenAlex: W2051401856
Cited by: 249
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 2.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC00257, R01DC000257)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic Variation and Morphology
Keywords: vowel duration, English as a second language, Chinese learners of English, late learners, foreign accent, speech perception, speech production, phonetic imitation, perceptual representation, minimal pairs
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age Factors, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Phonetics, Speech Perception, Speech Production Measurement

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Production and perception of a novel, second-language phonetic contrast

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