Increased Caloric Intake Soon after Exercise in Cold Water
Abstract
We examined the acute effect of cold-water temperature on post-exercise energy intake (EI) for 1 h. In a randomized, crossover design, 11 men (25.6 ± 5 y) exercised for 45 min on a submersed cycle ergometer at 60 ± 2% VO 2max in 33°C (neutral) and 20° (cold) water temperatures, and also rested for 45 min (control). Energy expenditure (EE) was determined using indirect calorimetry before, during, and after each condition. Following exercise or rest, subjects had free access to a standard assortment of food items of known caloric value. EE was similar for the cold and neutral water conditions, averaging 505 ± 22 (± standard deviation) and 517 ± 42 kcal, respectively (P = NS). EI after the cold condition averaged 877 ± 457 kcal, 44% and 41% higher (P < 0.05) than for the neutral and resting conditions, respectively. Cold-water temperature thus stimulated post-exercise EI. Water temperature warrants consideration in aquatic programs designed for weight loss.
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White et al. (2005) reported that 45-min aqua-cycling in water set at 20°C caused post-exercise ad-libitum energy intake to increase by 44% compared to aqua-cycling in 33°C water.
“White et al. (2005) reported 45-min of aqua-cycling in water temperature set at 20 • C caused post-exercise ad-libitum energy intake to increase by 44% when compared to aqua-cycling in 33 • C water temperature.”
From Influence of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and appetite-related hormones in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as White et al., 2005
Exercising in cold water may increase appetite.
“Empirical evidence suggests that exercising in cold water may increase appetite, making it a less favourable mode of exercise to promote body mass loss and facilitate weight loss maintenance.”
From Influence of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and appetite-related hormones in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as White et al., 2005
Participants in White et al. (2005) chose to consume foods higher in fat content 35 (20)% versus 28 (14)%.
“Participants also chose to consume foods higher in fat content 35 (20) % versus 28 (14) %.”
From Influence of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and appetite-related hormones in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as White et al. (2005)
White et al. (2005) reported that participants aqua cycling at 60% of VO2max for 45 min in cold (20°C) versus neutral water (33°C) led to a 44% increase in energy intake when presented with an ad-libitum meal, equivalent to 1125 kJ.
“White et al. (2005) reported participants aqua cycling at 60% of VO 2 max for 45 min in cold (defined as 20 • C) versus neutral water (defined as 33 • C), led to a 44% increase in energy intake when presented with an ad-libitum meal, equivalent to 1125 kJ.”
From Influence of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and appetite-related hormones in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as White et al. (2005)
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- Authors
- White, L. J., Dressendorfer, R. H., Holland, E., McCoy, S. C., & Ferguson, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- ORCID
- Ferguson, Michael A.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 38-47
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W8291005
- Semantic Scholar
- fcc046dbe5000471d22708ab8040b8d8b50ef4da
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- water temperature, energy expenditure, aquatic exercise, weight loss, appetite regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Energy Intake, Calorimetry, Indirect, Cold Temperature, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Male, Obesity, Oxygen Consumption, Swimming, Weight Loss, Cross-Over Studies
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