CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 258Eating Disorders and BehaviorsHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesSports Performance and Training

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique

Open access
Melin, Anna K., Heikura, Ida A., Tenforde, Adam, Mountjoy, Margo·2019·International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The reported prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in female and male track and field athletes is between 18% and 58% with the highest prevalence among athletes in endurance and jump events. In male athletes, LEA may result in reduced testosterone levels and libido along with impaired training capacity. In female track and field athletes, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea as consequence of LEA has been reported among 60% of elite middle- and long-distance athletes and 23% among elite sprinters. Health concerns with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea include impaired bone health, elevated risk for bone stress injury, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, LEA negatively affects recovery, muscle mass, neuromuscular function, and increases the risk of injuries and illness that may affect performance negatively. LEA in track and field athletes may occur due to intentional alterations in body mass or body composition, appetite changes, time constraints, or disordered eating behavior. Long-term LEA causes metabolic and physiological adaptations to prevent further weight loss, and athletes may therefore be weight stable yet have impaired physiological function secondary to LEA. Achieving or maintaining a lower body mass or fat levels through long-term LEA may therefore result in impaired health and performance as proposed in the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport model. Preventive educational programs and screening to identify athletes with LEA are important for early intervention to prevent long-term secondary health consequences. Treatment for athletes is primarily to increase energy availability and often requires a team approach including a sport physician, sports dietitian, physiologist, and psychologist.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201

Cites

86 of 86 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 84 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 257

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Melin, A. K., Heikura, I. A., Tenforde, A., & Mountjoy, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Australian Catholic University (AU)
  • Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (US)
  • International Olympic Committee (CH)
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
Publisher
Human Kinetics
Published
2019-03-01
Volume
29
Issue
2
Pages
152-164
ISSN
  • 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
  • 1543-2742
DOI
10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201
OpenAlex
W2908767208
Cited by
258
References
84
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 10
FWCI
4.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
  • Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
low energy availability, track and field athletes, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, relative energy deficiency in sport, bone health, bone stress injuries, cardiovascular risk, disordered eating, body mass reduction, testosterone, athletic performance, injury risk, screening and prevention, multidisciplinary treatment
MeSH terms
Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Composition, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Athletic Performance, Athletes, Reproductive Health, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review