Cited by 408Flow Experience in Various FieldsSport Psychology and PerformanceMotivation and Self-Concept in Sports

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Psychological Correlates of Flow in Sport

Jackson, Susan A., Ford, Stephen K., Kimiecik, Jay C., Marsh, Herbert W.·1998·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine possible psychological correlates of flow in a sample of older athletes. Both state and trait, or dispositional flow states, were examined. Masters athletes completed questionnaire assessments on two occasions while competing at an international masters sport competition. The participants (398) completed a questionnaire assessing intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, goal orientation, trait anxiety, perceived ability, and typical flow experiences (trait) when participating in sport. Of these participants, 213 completed a questionnaire after and in relation to one event they competed in at the Games. This second questionnaire assessed state flow, as well as perceptions of success, skills, and challenges in a selected sport event. Correlational and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine psychological correlates of state and trait flow. Patterns of relationships were found between flow and perceived ability, anxiety, and an intrinsic motivation variable. Understanding flow and its relationship with other psychological variables are discussed.

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Items 201–300 of 406

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“Some variations were introduced later with the objective of studying the dispositional flow, which means the frequency that an athlete can experience flow (Dispositional Flow Scale, DFS; Jackson et al., 1998).”
Background
Getting into Flow in the Arts Classroom: Research Findings and Implications for Practice
Mansour, M., Martin, A. J., Anderson, M. R., & Gibson, R. (2017) · Educational Practice and Theory · doi:10.7459/ept/39.2.02 · Cited by 10
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Self-citation
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MethodInfluential
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“In attempts to better understanding the occurrence of flow, researchers have identified several relevant cognitive factors that have shown to be associated with flow, including: goals; focus; arousal; motivation; confidence; thoughts; and emotions (Chavez, 2008; Jackson, 1992, 1995; Jackson et al., 1998; Stein et al.,…”
Background
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Işım, A. T., Altıncı, E. E., & Üster, U. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.423 · Cited by 7
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“Likewise, anxiety has been shown to influence other aspects of Engagement, such as focus or experiencing flow state (Jackson et al., 1998).”
Background
The Mental Game of Golf: Understanding Relationships Between Self-Efficacy, Fear of Failure, Competitive State Anxiety, and Flow
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“Research has shown that each one of these dimension is part of the definition of flow [9, 10, 12].”
Background
Traditional-Chinese Dispositional Flow Scale-2 and Flow State Scale-2 in Taiwanese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
Huang, L., Hu, F., Wu, C., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.093 · Cited by 6
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Flow, Work Satisfactions and Psychological Well-Being among Nurses in Turkish Hospitals
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“…motivation, adaptive perfectionism, self-esteem, self-concept and self-perceived ability seem to facilitate flow the most (Chirico et al. 2015; Jackson et al. 1998; Ljubin-Golub, Rijavec, and Jurčec 2018; Ullén et al. 2012), as do perceptions of life satisfaction ( r = .21, Asakawa 2010) and…”
EFFECTS OF FLOW STATES ON ELITE ATHLETES IN TEAM SPORTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Martiny, L. E., Theil, L. Z., Neto, E. M., Dias, G., Ferreira, J. P., & Mendes, R. (2023) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v16n8-118 · Cited by 5
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van den Hout, J. J. J., & Davis, O. C. (2019) · SpringerBriefs in well-being and quality of life research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27871-7_2 · Cited by 5
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“Flow is studied as a predictor of successful athletic performance [10].”
Background
Propensity and attainment of flow state
Koehn, S. (2007) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 7
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Fossmo, T. (2006) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 4
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“Flow in sport gathered more research momentum in the 1990s (e.g., Jackson, 1996; Jackson et al., 1998; Jackson & Roberts, 1992).”
Follow the Flow: A Prospective on the On-Line Detection of Flow Mental State through Machine Learning
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“FSS focuses on a specific performance event [2], and evaluates flow as a state, while DFS is focused on a wider personal disposition to flow [9] and analyzes flow as a trait [8].”
BackgroundMethod
Flow and Physiological Response Assessment during Exercise Using Metrorhythmic Stimuli
Kania, D., Romaniszyn‐Kania, P., Bugdol, M. N., Tuszy, A., Ledwoń, D. J., Pollak, A. M., & Mitas, A. W. (2024) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/187804 · Cited by 6
“Psychological correlates of flow as a trait and disposition in professional athletes were also examined (Jackson et al., 1998).”
Background
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Castuera, R. J., García‐Calvo, T., Ruano, F. J. S.-R., et al. (2010) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037010790317289 · Cited by 4
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9 Positive Change and Flow in Sport
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“On the contrary, a lack of motivation to perform, over arousal before a competition, negative or nonoptimal team interactions, poor performance, and non-optimal confidence, self-doubt, and low levels of perceived sport ability affects flow negatively (27,29,26,38).”
Background
The effect of socio-economic status on the effective students’ participation in physical activity: A cross sectional study from Ras Alkhaimah Medical and Health Sciences University-UAE
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“Over the years, this method has become the most used method, and different questionnaires have been proposed and validated for different fields, such as physical activity [38], sports [39], and gamification [16].”
BackgroundMethod
Achievement of Timing at the Highest Competitive Level: The Necessity of a 'Driving conviction'
Janson, L., & Archer, T. (2004) · Cited by 4
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A Comparison of Selected Biomechanical Parameters of Front Row Spike between Short Set and High Set Ball
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“Jackson et al. (1998) have suggested that experiencing flow states frequently when involved in a specific activity promotes the desire to perform the activity for its own sake.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Flow predisposition in Brazilian rugby athletes
Silva, G. M., Gomes, S. S., Zanetti, M. C., & Brandão, M. R. F. (2018) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.9872 · Cited by 4
“It is observed that athletes who believe in their abilities are more likely to experience a balance between challenge and skill, even when the challenge of a sporting competition is relatively high (Jackson et al., 1998).”
Background
Religious Orientation and Flow
Brown, S. R. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e523402007-001 · Cited by 4
“The perception of skills also related significantly to key flow variables, such as “clear goals, unambiguous feedback, control, and concentration” (Jackson et al., 1998, p. 374).”
Background
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“Autotelic activities are performed for their own sake, without expectation of external rewards [12,16].”
Physical Activity Flow Propensity
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ANTRENÖR İLETİŞİM BECERİLERİ ile SPORCULARIN SÜREKLİ OPTİMAL PERFORMANS DUYGU DURUMLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN SPORCU ALGILARINA göre İNCELENMESİ
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“Five-Point Likert Scale The questions used a five-point Likert scale, a widely used scale incorporated to measure the flow state scale [9,11,12,44,45].”
Method
Independent Validation of the Video Game Dispositional Flow Scale With League of Legends Players
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“Dispositional flow can be understood as the propensity or frequency with which someone can experience flow [15].”
Background
Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of a Chinese Version of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) with University Sport Athletes
Luo, Y., Mellano, K. T., Mullin, E. M., Zhong, J., Zhou, Y., Sha, Y., Zhang, Y., Luo, S., & Guo, N. (2023) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125231218188 · Cited by 3
“…2017), sport commitment (Zahariadis et al., 2006), deliberate practice (Vink et al., 2015), doping avoidance (Chan et al., 2015), ﬂ ow experience (Jackson et al., 1998), and level of physical activity in youth sports (Fenton et al., 2016), whereas less self-determined motivation is positively…”
Background
Percepção das dimensões do fluxo e influência da variável sexo em atletas escolares de handebol: um estudo transversal
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“Indeed, flow state has specifically been linked to general sports performance and peak performance (Bakker et al., 2011; Jackson, 1992; 1996; Jackson et al., 1998; Marsh & Jackson, 1999; Stavrou et al., 2007; Swann et al., 2016), demonstrating that athletes feel such a mental state during their…”
Background
Data mining for psychological profiling of track and field athletes and runners
Sanz-Fernández, C., Brincones, J. L. P., Castellano, J., Reigal, R. E., Arvizu-Lozoya, D., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Morales‐Sánchez, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1518468 · Cited by 5
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Motivation for Academically Gifted Students in Germany and the United States: A Phenomenological Study.
Bourgeois, S. J. (2012) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington) · Cited by 3
Análisis de los perfiles motivacionales en practicantes de danza: diferencias en función de la modalidad
Alonso, D. A., Miguel, P. A. S., Marcos, F. M. L., Sánchez‐Oliva, D., Montero-Carretero, C., & García‐Calvo, T. (2015) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 3
L’expérience de loisir en milieu aquatique
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“…sur l’état de l’individu (le flow [Csikzentmihalyi, 1990] concept similaire à l’expérience de loisir) lors de la pratique d’une activité de loisir (Jackson et al., 1998 ; Kowal et Fortier, 1999 ; Mannel, et al.,1988), la présente étude se distingue toutefois de celles-ci par ses…”
Background
Team Members' Flow Experiences and their Influence on Project Performance
Chu, L.-C., Lee, C.-L., Wu, C.-J., et al. (2012) · Cited by 3
Yürüyüşteki Akış Durumunun Tespitine Yönelik Keşifsel Bir Araştırma ve Ölçek Önerisi
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Revisiting Technology and Flow: A Call for an Alternative Perspective and Directions for the Future
Califf, C. B., Stumpf, T., & Frye, J. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.753 · Cited by 3
“Empirically, a number of fields have adopted and extended Csikszentmihalyi’s flow construct, including exercise and sport psychology [18, 19, 20], education [47], and aging and quality of life [33].”
Background
Gearing Up for the Future of Exercise
McGloin, R., Embacher-Martin, K., Gilbert, C., et al. (2020) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878120943253 · Cited by 3
“suggests that an individual who is experiencing greater flow state is consequently more likely to enjoy the activity in which they are engaged (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2002)—a relationship that has been studied across a variety of contexts, including sports/physical activity (Jackson & Csi…”
Background
Perfeccionismo, bienestar psicológico y disposición a fluir en enfermeras
Diorelis, C., & Durán, L. A. A. (2020) · Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology · doi:10.30849/ripijp.v54i2.1016 · Cited by 6
Investigating and reconceptualizing recreation specialization: Flow as a developmental influence
Whitmore, J. G. (2005) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 3
Team flow: the missing piece in performance
Mosek, E. (2017) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 3
Developments and Trends in Flow Research over 40 Years: A Bibliometric AnalysisPreprint
Yongfa, Z., & Wang, F. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/scuwf · Cited by 3
Exploring the role of pianists' emotional engagement with music in a solo performance
Foxcroft, C. (2014) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 3
Flow disposicional e o bem-estar espiritual em praticantes de actividades físicas de inspiração oriental
Gouveia, M. J. (2011) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 3
Yetişkinlerde Motivasyon Düzenleme ve Akış Yaşantısı Arasındaki İlişkide Ototelik Kişiliğin Aracı Rolü
TURGUT, T., & Ümmet, D. (2021) · Pamukkale University Journal of Education · doi:10.9779/pauefd.836244 · Cited by 2
Motivational functioning along the social anxiety continuum: examining the emergence of flow in everyday social activities
Stöckle, D., Barthelmäs, M., & Keller, J. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10197-7 · Cited by 2
“…our findings align well with prior research doc - umenting negative associations between flow and various forms of anxiety, such as test anxiety in academic settings (Herawati et al., 2020), or performance-related anxiety in sports (e.g., Jackson et al., 1998) and music (e.g., Guyon et al., 2022).”
Investigating L2 listening comprehension and experience in immersive and interactive virtual reality: An experimental study
Liang, Y., & Hu, G. (2026) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105593 · Cited by 2
Psychometric properties of a newly established flow state questionnaire Yeni Akiş Durum Ölçeği'nin psikometrik özellikleri
Magyaródi, T., Nagy, H., Soltész, P., Mózes, T., & Oláh, A. (2013) · Cited by 2
Somatic Research Bibliography: A Working Tool for Somatics and Somatic Psychology
Hanna, E. C. (2020) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2020.39.1-2.179 · Cited by 3
Emotions, Motivation, and Metacognition of University Students in a SPOC Context
Trigueros, R., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., León, A. M., Gómez, N. N., & Rubio, I. M. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241267365 · Cited by 6
“This aspect was measured using the Dispositional Flow Scale, developed by Jackson et al. (1998) and validated and adapted to Spanish by Garcı´a-Calvo et al. (2008).”
Flow Experience in AR Application: Perceived Reality and Perceived Naturalness
Lee, H., & Chai, S. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58625-0_13 · Cited by 2
High School Volleyball Athletes’ Perceptions of Creating and Using Pre-Competition Warm-Up Music
Yeats, J. T., Rhoads, M. C., Smith, M. A., et al. (2014) · Sport Science Review · doi:10.2478/ssr-2014-0008 · Cited by 2
“, 2003), psychological correlates of flow in sport (Jackson et al., 1998), development and validation of the flow state scale (FSS) and sport motivation scale (SMS) (Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Pelletier et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-confidence and flow in judo
Montero-Carretero, C., Murcia, J. A. M., González‐Cutre, D., Alonso, D. A., & Gimeno, E. M. C. (2015) · Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports · Cited by 2
Flow Scale-Construction and Validation
Singh, K. K., Junnarkar, M., & Kaur, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3631-3_4 · Cited by 2

Authors: Jackson, S. A., Ford, S. K., Kimiecik, J. C., & Marsh, H. W.
Affiliations: Queensland University of Technology (AU)
The University of Melbourne (AU)
Miami University (US)
Western Sydney University (AU)
ORCID: Jackson, Susan A.
Kimiecik, Jay C.
Marsh, Herbert W.
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1998-12
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 358-378
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.20.4.358
OpenAlex: W2126256904
Cited by: 408
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 2.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Keywords: flow, older athletes, masters athletes, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, goal orientation, trait anxiety, perceived competence, athletic performance, psychological correlates

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Psychological Correlates of Flow in Sport

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