The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Detection of Anthropogenic Climate Change in the World's Oceans
Abstract
Large-scale increases in the heat content of the world's oceans have been observed to occur over the last 45 years. The horizontal and temporal character of these changes has been closely replicated by the state-of-the-art Parallel Climate Model (PCM) forced by observed and estimated anthropogenic gases. Application of optimal detection methodology shows that the model-produced signals are indistinguishable from the observations at the 0.05 confidence level. Further, the chances of either the anthropogenic or observed signals being produced by the PCM as a result of natural, internal forcing alone are less than 5%. This suggests that the observed ocean heat-content changes are consistent with those expected from anthropogenic forcing, which broadens the basis for claims that an anthropogenic signal has been detected in the global climate system. Additionally, the requirement that modeled ocean heat uptakes match observations puts a strong, new constraint on anthropogenically forced climate models. It is unknown if the current generation of climate models, other than the PCM, meet this constraint.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Production
Mantua, N. J., Hare, S. R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., & Francis, R. C. (1997) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:apicow>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 7,099
Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., & Stephens, C. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2225 · Cited by 1,474
Causes of Decadal Climate Variability over the North Pacific and North America
Latif, M., & Barnett, T. P. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.266.5185.634 · Cited by 1,069
Self-citationExternal control of 20th century temperature by natural and anthropogenic forcings.
Stott, P. A., Tett, S. F. B., Jones, G. S., Allen, M. R., Mitchell, J. F. B., & Jenkins, G. J. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5499.2133 · Cited by 672
Parallel climate model (PCM) control and transient simulations
Washington, W. M., Weatherly, J. W., Meehl, G. A., Semtner Jr., A. J., Bettge, T. W., Craig, A. P., Strand Jr., W. G., Arblaster, J., Wayland, V. B., James, R., et al. (2000) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s003820000079 · Cited by 632
Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the Earth's surface
Tett, S. F. B., Stott, P. A., Allen, M. R., Ingram, W. J., & Mitchell, J. F. B. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/21164 · Cited by 509
A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere
Santer, B. D., Taylor, K. E., Wigley, T. M. L., Johns, T. C., Jones, P. D., Karoly, D. J., Mitchell, J. F. B., Oort, A. H., Penner, J. E., Ramaswamy, V., et al. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382039a0 · Cited by 450
Checking for model consistency in optimal fingerprinting
Allen, M. R., & Tett, S. F. B. (1999) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s003820050291 · Cited by 444
Global Warming and Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent
Vinnikov, K. Y., Robock, A., Stouffer, R. J., Walsh, J. E., Parkinson, C. L., Cavalieri, D. J., Mitchell, J. F. B., Garrett, D., & Zakharov, V. F. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5446.1934 · Cited by 395
Detecting Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change with an Optimal Fingerprint Method
Hegerl, G. C., von Storch, H., Hasselmann, K., Santer, B. D., Cubasch, U., & Jones, P. D. (1996) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2281:dggicc>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 363
Cited by
Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle
Allen, M. R., & Ingram, W. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01092 · Cited by 3,009
Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity
Behrenfeld, M. J., O’Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R., Sarmiento, J. L., Feldman, G. C., Milligan, A. J., Falkowski, P. G., Letelier, R. M., & Boss, E. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05317 · Cited by 2,485
Quantification of modelling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations.
Murphy, J. M., Sexton, D. M. H., Barnett, D. N., Jones, G. S., Webb, M. J., Collins, M., & Stainforth, D. A. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02771 · Cited by 1,655
Reorganization of North Atlantic Marine Copepod Biodiversity and Climate
Beaugrand, G., Reid, P. C., Ibañez, F., Lindley, J. A., & Edwards, M. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1071329 · Cited by 1,213
Ocean's least productive waters are expanding
Polovina, J. J., Howell, E. A., & Abecassis, M. (2008) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2007gl031745 · Cited by 836
Metadata
- Authors
- Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., & Schnur, R.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2001-04-13
- Volume
- 292
- Issue
- 5515
- Pages
- 270-274
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2085145708
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 18
- FWCI
- 38.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Detection of Anthropogenic Climate Change in the World's Oceans. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1126/science.1058304
- The paper
- Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., & Schnur, R. (2001). Detection of Anthropogenic Climate Change in the World's Oceans. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058304
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
