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The Evolution of Climate Over the Last Millennium
Abstract
Knowledge of past climate variability is crucial for understanding and modeling current and future climate trends. This article reviews present knowledge of changes in temperatures and two major circulation features—El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)—over much of the last 1000 years, mainly on the basis of high-resolution paleoclimate records. Average temperatures during the last three decades were likely the warmest of the last millennium, about 0.2°C warmer than during warm periods in the 11th and 12th centuries. The 20th century experienced the strongest warming trend of the millennium (about 0.6°C per century). Some recent changes in ENSO may have been unique since 1800, whereas the recent trend to more positive NAO values may have occurred several times since 1500. Uncertainties will only be reduced through more extensive spatial sampling of diverse proxy climatic records.
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Cited by
The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves
Schär, C., Vidale, P. L., Lüthi, D., Frei, C., Häberli, C., Liniger, M. A., & Appenzeller, C. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02300 · Cited by 2,781
An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation
Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., & Visbeck, M. (2003) · Geophysical Monograph Series · doi:10.1029/134gm01 · Cited by 1,955
European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500
Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., & Wanner, H. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093877 · Cited by 1,805
Climate change and evolution: disentangling environmental and genetic responses
GIENAPP, P., TEPLITSKY, C., ALHO, J. S., MILLS, J. A., & MERILÄ, J. (2008) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03413.x · Cited by 1,256
North American drought: Reconstructions, causes, and consequences
Cook, E. R., Seager, R., Cane, M. A., & Stahle, D. W. (2007) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.12.002 · Cited by 862
Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., & Briffa, K. R.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2001-04-27
- Volume
- 292
- Issue
- 5517
- Pages
- 662-667
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1963650928
- Cited by
- 626
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 23.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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