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The Draft Genome of Ciona intestinalis : Insights into Chordate and Vertebrate Origins
Open accessAbstract
The first chordates appear in the fossil record at the time of the Cambrian explosion, nearly 550 million years ago. The modern ascidian tadpole represents a plausible approximation to these ancestral chordates. To illuminate the origins of chordate and vertebrates, we generated a draft of the protein-coding portion of the genome of the most studied ascidian, Ciona intestinalis . The Ciona genome contains ∼16,000 protein-coding genes, similar to the number in other invertebrates, but only half that found in vertebrates. Vertebrate gene families are typically found in simplified form in Ciona , suggesting that ascidians contain the basic ancestral complement of genes involved in cell signaling and development. The ascidian genome has also acquired a number of lineage-specific innovations, including a group of genes engaged in cellulose metabolism that are related to those in bacteria and fungi.
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“The difference is consistent with the lower gene number and reduced genome size in the urochordates (4).”
From The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (2006) · cites this paper as [4]
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“…GFP and wild-type DsRed (all abbreviations are listed in Table 1) with the predicted codon usage for the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, generated using the program CodonW (Peden, 1999) based on all of the predicted genes present in Release 1 of the C. intestinalis genome (Dehal et al., 2002).”
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Self-citationSeeing chordate evolution through the Ciona genome sequence.
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Nitric Oxide Acts as a Positive Regulator to Induce Metamorphosis of the Ascidian Herdmania momus
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“Turning to deuterostomian marine invertebrates, sequencing of the genome of the urochordate Ciona intestinalis (Dehal et al., 2002) has enabled a comprehensive analysis of larval neuropeptide expression in this species.”
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Fritzsch, B., & Beisel, K. W. (2003) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(03)57001-6 · Cited by 39
“These data could simply indicate that gene multiplication has already in urbilaterians generated various bHLH genes (Dehal et al., 2002).”
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“LIM-homeobox genes in tunicates, hemichordates and sea urchins In the ascidian tunicate, Ciona intestinalis, five LIM-homeobox genes have been found in the genome, one in each subfamily except for Lhx6/7 [8].”
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Inoue, Y., Ikeda, M., & Shimizu, T. (2004) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2003.11.003 · Cited by 37
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Self-citationDifferential expression pattern of the novel serine/threonine kinase, STK33, in mice and men
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“In this study, we undertook a search for caspase genes in three recently sequenced tunicate genomes [the ascidians C. intestinalis (Dehal et al., 2002) and C. savignyi, and the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica].”
BackgroundAllorecognition in a Basal Chordate Consists of Independent Activating and Inhibitory Pathways
McKitrick, T. R., Muscat, C., Pierce, J. D., Bhattacharya, D., & Tomaso, A. W. D. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.01.019 · Cited by 36
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“Recent progress in genome project in Ciona has made it possible to extensively study the molecular mechanism of sperm activation [Nomura et al., 2000; Dehal et al., 2002; Inaba et al., 2002; Satou et al., 2002; Padma et al., 2003].”
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McFerrin, L. G., & Atchley, W. R. (2011) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evr082 · Cited by 38
How Fast Is the Sessile Ciona?
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“savignyi are available since 2002 and 2005, respectively, [7, 9], it is now possible to make more accurate assessment of sequences divergence (with low impact of stochastic effects due to the fact that we use large gene samples).”
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“One approach to dealing with the problem of allelic variation is to allow greater numbers of mismatches between the sequences combined together into a single locus during the assembly process ( e.g. , Dehal et al. 2002).”
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“generally assumed to be common, and it was already reported for the well-studied Hox genes [42,43] so we hypothesize that melanopsin may have been lost during a genomic rearrangement process.”
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Danchin, É., & Pontarotti, P. (2004) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2004.09.009 · Cited by 37
Development and Evolution of the Ascidian Cardiogenic Mesoderm
Tolkin, T. R., & Christiaen, L. (2012) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387786-4.00011-7 · Cited by 36
“intestinalis and its sibling species Ciona savignyi were published in the early 2000s (Dehal et al., 2002; Hill et al., 2008; Small et al., 2007; Vinson et al., 2005); comprehensive annotations were compiled using large amounts of express sequence tags (ESTs) and state-of-the-art databases created to provide user-frie…”
BackgroundPeptidomics in Drosophila melanogaster
Schoofs, L. (2003) · Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/2.2.114 · Cited by 36
Kowalevsky, comparative evolutionary embryology, and the intellectual lineage of evo‐devo
Raff, R. A., & Love, A. C. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution · doi:10.1002/jez.b.20004 · Cited by 35
Hill, M. M., Broman, K. W., Stupka, E., Smith, W. C., Jiang, D., & Sidow, A. (2008) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.078576.108 · Cited by 36
“The ∼ 170-Mb genomes of C. savignyi and C. intestinalis had both been sequenced to draft-level coverage (12.7 (cid:1) and 8 (cid:1) , respectively) (Dehal et al. 2002; Vinson et al. 2005).”
InfluentialSato, A., Shimeld, S. M., & Bishop, J. (2014) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zs130249 · Cited by 35
Rebscher, N., Deichmann, C., Sudhop, S., Fritzenwanker, J. H., Green, S., & Hassel, M. (2009) · Development Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00427-009-0309-5 · Cited by 37
“It remains to be shown how in nondeuterostome taxa the few FGFRs cope with the multiple FGFs like Tribolium (one FGFR, four FGFs, Beermann and Schroder 2008 )o r Drosophila (Heartless FGFR, two FGFs, see Kadam et al. 2009 and Klingseisen et al. 2009).”
BackgroundCharacterizing the Embryonic Transcriptome of the Snail Ilyanassa
Lambert, J. D., Chan, X. Y., Spiecker, B. J., & Sweet, H. C. (2010) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icq121 · Cited by 35
Hapsembler: An Assembler for Highly Polymorphic Genomes
Donmez, N., & Brudno, M. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20036-6_5 · Cited by 35
“Previous efforts to assemble these highly polymorphic genomes have used one of two approaches: either they allow for promiscuous overlaps, to connect the reads from different haplotypes[20], or they enforce strict overlapping requirements, thus separating the haploid genomes (haplomes) [10].”
BackgroundExpression of neuropeptide- and hormone-encoding genes in the Ciona intestinalis larval brain
Hamada, M., Shimozono, N., Ohta, N., Satou, Y., Horie, T., Kawada, T., Satake, H., Sasakura, Y., & Satoh, N. (2011) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.006 · Cited by 36
Self-citationA Basal Chordate Model for Studies of Gut Microbial Immune Interactions
Dishaw, L. J., Flores-Torres, J., Mueller, M. G., Karrer, C. R., Skapura, D. P., Melillo, D., Zucchetti, I., Santis, R. D., Pinto, M. R., & Litman, G. W. (2012) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00096 · Cited by 35
Kugler, J. E., Gazdoiu, S., Oda‐Ishii, I., Passamaneck, Y. J., Erives, A. J., & Gregorio, A. D. (2010) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.066910 · Cited by 35
“the Ci-Tbx6b locus as shown in the JGI Ciona intestinalis genome browser (Dehal et al., 2002) (http://genome.”
BackgroundMethodYajima, I., Endo, K., Sato, S., Toyoda, R., Wada, H., Shibahara, S., Numakunai, T., Ikeo, K., Gojobori, T., Goding, C. R., et al. (2003) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/j.mod.2003.08.009 · Cited by 35
Realistic artificial DNA sequences as negative controls for computational genomics
Caballero, J., Smit, A. F. A., Hood, L., & Glusman, G. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku356 · Cited by 35
“uk/Projects/D rerio/); Ciona intestinalis: ci2 (39); purple sea urchin: strPur2 (40); Anopheles gambiae: anoGam1 (41); bee: apiMel2 (42); Drosophila melanogaster: dm3 (6); Caenorhabditis elegans: ce3 (43).”
Andachi, Y. (2004) · Genes to Cells · doi:10.1111/j.1356-9597.2004.00725.x · Cited by 35
Takeuchi, K., Satou, Y., Yamamoto, H., & Satoh, N. (2005) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zsj.22.723 · Cited by 35
“The draft genome sequence (Dehal et al ., 2002) and a cDNA/EST database (Satou et al ., 2002) of Ciona intestinalis were TBlastN searched for homologous ascidian protein sequences using human and Drosophila proteins.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationConstruction of a cDNA Microarray Derived from the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis
Azumi, K., Takahashi, H., Miki, Y., Fujie, M., Usami, T., Ishikawa, H., Kitayama, A., Satou, Y., Ueno, N., & Satoh, N. (2003) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zsj.20.1223 · Cited by 35
Self-citationBioadhesion in ascidians: a developmental and functional genomics perspective
Pennati, R., & Rothbächer, U. (2014) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2014.0061 · Cited by 35
Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Ciona intestinalis Chromosomes
Shoguchi, E., Kawashima, T., Nishida‐Umehara, C., Matsuda, Y., & Satoh, N. (2005) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zsj.22.511 · Cited by 35
“The draft sequence of the Ciona intestinalis genome indicates that 18S/28S rDNA repeats are those of the highest copy number (Dehal et al ., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationA Celebration of the New Head and an Evaluation of the New Mouth
Manzanares, M., & Nieto, M. A. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00161-2 · Cited by 35
“…shown how fine tinkering of neural sequence of the genome from the ascidia Ciona intesticrest populations may be behind some of the classical nalis (Dehal et al., 2002) and the promise of an amphiexamples of evolutionary theory, such as the morpho- oxus genome project (http://tbx.wustl.edu/…”
BackgroundChurcher, A. M., & Taylor, J. S. (2010) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evq079 · Cited by 35
Veeman, M. T., Chiba, S., & Smith, W. C. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_15 · Cited by 35
McKenzie, P., Chadalavada, S. C., Bohrer, J. C., & Adams, J. C. (2006) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-33 · Cited by 34
“The Ciona intestinalis (an invertebrate chordate) genome encodes a smaller number of TSPs; yet, because both A and B forms of TSPs are present, it is clear that the existence of A and B forms predates the whole genome duplications that occurred in the early stages of vertebrate evolution ([5,64]; our unpublished data).”
Eukaryotic domain evolution inferred from genome comparisons
Copley, R. R., Goodstadt, L., & Ponting, C. P. (2003) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2003.10.004 · Cited by 34
Yamaguchi, N., Kamino, K., Ueki, T., & Michibata, H. (2003) · Marine Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10126-003-0024-6 · Cited by 35
De novo discovery of a tissue-specific gene regulatory module in a chordatePreprint
Johnson, D. S., Zhou, Q., Yagi, K., Satoh, N., Wong, W. H., & Sidow, A. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.4062605 · Cited by 35
“A small genome (180 Mb) with a number of expressed genes (15,000) similar to that of Drosophila (Dehal et al. 2002) ensures that the search space for noncoding functional elements is smaller than in vertebrates.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTransposon mediated transgenesis in a marine invertebrate chordate: Ciona intestinalis
Sasakura, Y., Oogai, Y., Matsuoka, T., Satoh, N., & Awazu, S. (2007) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-s1-s3 · Cited by 35
“The genome project reported that 1.2% of nucleotide differences were observed between alleles of the single individual [ 35 ].”
InfluentialSelf-citationMolecular evolution of nitric oxide synthases in metazoans
González-Domenech, C. M., & Muñoz‐Chápuli, R. (2010) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D Genomics and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.cbd.2010.08.004 · Cited by 34
Genes Encoding Vitamin-K Epoxide Reductase Are Present in Drosophila and Trypanosomatid Protists
Robertson, H. M. (2004) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.104.029744 · Cited by 34
“Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.have been deposited in the TPA database at NCBI (accession nos.”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Dehal, P., Satou, Y., Campbell, R. K., Chapman, J., Degnan, B., De Tomaso, A., Davidson, B., Di Gregorio, A., Gelpke, M., Goodstein, D. M., Harafuji, N., Hastings, K. E. M., Ho, I., Hotta, K., Huang, W., Kawashima, T., Lemaire, P., Martinez, D., Meinertzhagen, I. A., Necula, S., Nonaka, M., Putnam, N., Rash, S., Saiga, H., Satake, M., Terry, A., Yamada, L., Wang, H.-G., Awazu, S., Azumi, K., Boore, J., Branno, M., Chin-bow, S., DeSantis, R., Doyle, S., Francino, P., Keys, D. N., Haga, S., Hayashi, H., Hino, K., Imai, K. S., Inaba, K., Kano, S., Kobayashi, K., Kobayashi, M., Lee, B.-I., Makabe, K. W., Manohar, C., Matassi, G., Medina, M., Mochizuki, Y., Mount, S., Morishita, T., Miura, S., Nakayama, A., Nishizaka, S., Nomoto, H., Ohta, F., Oishi, K., Rigoutsos, I., Sano, M., Sasaki, A., Sasakura, Y., Shoguchi, E., Shin-i, T., Spagnuolo, A., Stainier, D., Suzuki, M. M., Tassy, O., Takatori, N., Tokuoka, M., Yagi, K., Yoshizaki, F., Wada, S., Zhang, C., Hyatt, P. D., Larimer, F., Detter, C., Doggett, N., Glavina, T., Hawkins, T., Richardson, P., Lucas, S., Kohara, Y., Levine, M., Satoh, N., & Rokhsar, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Joint Genome Institute (US)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Marine Biological Laboratory (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 93950, USA.
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Genetics, 401 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- McGill University (CA)
- National Institute of Genetics (JP)
- Institut de Biologie du Développement Marseille (FR)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
- Tokyo Metropolitan University (JP)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Moffitt Cancer Center (US)
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (IT)
- IBM (United States) (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
- Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn,” Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology (GB)
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Post Office Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dehal, Paramvir
- Satou, Yutaka
- Kohara, Yuji
- Levine, Michael
- Satoh, Nori
- Rokhsar, Daniel S.
- ORCID
- Dehal, Paramvir
- Satou, Yutaka
- Degnan, Bernard
- Davidson, Brad
- Goodstein, David M.
- Harafuji, Naoe
- Hotta, Kohji
- Kawashima, Takeshi
- Lemaire, Patrick
- Martinez, Diego
- Meinertzhagen, Ian A.
- Saiga, Hidetoshi
- Terry, Astrid
- Wang, Hong-Gang
- Boore, Jeffrey
- Hino, Kyosuke
- Imai, Kaoru S.
- Inaba, Kazuo
- Kobayashi, Kenji
- Lee, Byung-In
- Manohar, Chitra
- Matassi, Giorgio
- Rigoutsos, Isidore
- Sasakura, Yasunori
- Shoguchi, Eiichi
- Stainier, Didier
- Suzuki, Miho M.
- Tassy, Olivier
- Tokuoka, Miki
- Doggett, Norman
- Kohara, Yuji
- Levine, Michael
- Rokhsar, Daniel S.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2002-12-13
- Volume
- 298
- Issue
- 5601
- Pages
- 2157-2167
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2170258388
- Cited by
- 1,641
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 49.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL AMU (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p01hd037105-20)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD37105)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Keywords
- Ciona intestinalis, chordate evolution, vertebrate origin, gene family evolution, protein-coding genes, gene loss, developmental genes, Cambrian explosion
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Base Sequence, Cellulose, Central Nervous System, Ciona intestinalis, Endocrine System, Genes, Genes, Homeobox, Multigene Family, Heart, Immunity, Molecular Sequence Data, Muscle Proteins, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Genetic, Proteins, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Species Specificity, Thyroid Gland, Urochordata, Vertebrates, Genome, Apoptosis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Gene Dosage, Computational Biology, Gene Duplication, Organizers, Embryonic
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