Hox10 and Hox11 Genes Are Required to Globally Pattern the Mammalian Skeleton
Abstract
Mice in which all members of the Hox10 or Hox11 paralogous group are disrupted provide evidence that these Hox genes are involved in global patterning of the axial and appendicular skeleton. In the absence of Hox10 function, no lumbar vertebrae are formed. Instead, ribs project from all posterior vertebrae, extending caudally from the last thoracic vertebrae to beyond the sacral region. In the absence of Hox11 function, sacral vertebrae are not formed and instead these vertebrae assume a lumbar identity. The redundancy among these paralogous family members is so great that this global aspect of Hox patterning is not apparent in mice that are mutant for five of the six paralogous alleles.
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PG10 hox genes prevent rib formation, normally precluding ribs on lumbar vertebrae; ectopic expression prevents ribs, and complete loss of function causes ribs almost everywhere.
“the PG10 hox genes prevent rib formation, normally used to preclude ribs on the lumbar vertebrae; if expressed ectopically no ribs form and in complete loss of function ribs form almost everywhere (Carapuco et al., 2005; Vinagre et al., 2010; Wellik and Capecchi, 2003).”
From Evolution of Gene Regulatory Networks Controlling Body Plan Development (2011) · cites this paper as Wellik and Capecchi, 2003
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- Authors
- Wellik, D. M., & Capecchi, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Capecchi, Mario R.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2003-07-18
- Volume
- 301
- Issue
- 5631
- Pages
- 363-367
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2045937790
- Cited by
- 586
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 6.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Congenital limb and hand anomalies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- HOX11, skeletal patterning, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, gene redundancy
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Bone and Bones, Female, Forelimb, Genes, Homeobox, Hindlimb, Male, Mice, Mutant Strains, Mutation, Phenotype, Spine, Oncogene Proteins, Homeodomain Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Body Patterning, Mice
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