The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An Expressed Fgf4 Retrogene Is Associated with Breed-Defining Chondrodysplasia in Domestic Dogs
Open accessAbstract
Going Retro: In a year celebrating Darwin, the question of how new functional genes arise during evolution is of particular interest. Through a multibreed genetic analysis of the domestic dog, Parker et al. (p. 995 , published online 16 July; see the Perspective by Kaessmann ) find that the short-legged phenotype that characterizes at least 19 common dog breeds, including the corgi, dachshund, and basset hound, is specifically associated with the expression in developing bone of a gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 4 ( fgf4 ), a member of a gene family previously implicated in dwarfism in humans. Interestingly, the culprit fgf4 gene in dogs has the hallmarks of a “retrogene,” a gene that arises when a parental gene is duplicated through an RNA-based copying mechanism.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“short legs in dog breeds such as dachshunds and basset hounds is due to a retrogene encoding FGF4, inserted and evidently controlled by cis-regulatory elements carried in non-LTR transposons (Parker et al., 2009).”
From Evolution of Gene Regulatory Networks Controlling Body Plan Development (2011) · cites this paper as Parker et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Velvet: Algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphsPreprint
Zerbino, D. R., & Birney, E. (2008) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.074492.107 · Cited by 9,587
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Livezey, R. L., & Darwin, C. R. (1953) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2485224 · Cited by 5,431
Bankier, J. C. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-03338-8 · Cited by 2,155
Transposable elements and the evolution of regulatory networks
Feschotte, C. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2337 · Cited by 1,379
Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog
Parker, H. G., Kim, L. V., Sutter, N. B., Carlson, S., Lorentzen, T. D., Malek, T. B., Johnson, G. S., DeFrance, H. B., Ostrander, E. A., & Kruglyak, L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097406 · Cited by 753
Self-citationProperties of statistical tests of neutrality for DNA polymorphism data
Simonsen, K. L., Churchill, G. A., & Aquadro, C. F. (1995) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/141.1.413 · Cited by 681
A Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs
Sutter, N. B., Bustamante, C. D., Chase, K., GRAY, M. M., Zhao, K., Zhu, L., Padhukasahasram, B., Karlins, E., Davis, S. R., Jones, P. G., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137045 · Cited by 673
Self-citationMolecular origins of rapid and continuous morphological evolution
Fondon, J. W., & Garner, H. R. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0408118101 · Cited by 614
The Dog Genome: Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis
Kirkness, E. F., Bafna, V., Halpern, A. L., Levy, S., Remington, K., Rusch, D. B., Delcher, A. L., Pop, M., Wang, W., Fraser, C. M., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1086432 · Cited by 556
Minowada, G., Jarvis, L. A., Chi, C. L., Neubüser, A., Sun, X., Hacohen, N., Krasnow, M. A., & Martin, G. R. (1999) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.126.20.4465 · Cited by 506
RNA-based gene duplication: Mechanistic and evolutionary insights
Kaessmann, H., Vinckenbosch, N., & Long, M. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2487 · Cited by 449
Evolutionary fate of retroposed gene copies in the human genome
Vinckenbosch, N., Dupanloup, I., & Kaessmann, H. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0511307103 · Cited by 406
Germonpré, M., Sablin, M., Stevens, R. E., Hedges, R. E. M., Hofreiter, M., Stiller, M., & Després, V. R. (2008) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033 · Cited by 393
Gene duplication and the uniqueness of vertebrate genomes circa 1970–1999
Ohno, S. (1999) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/scdb.1999.0332 · Cited by 342
Emergence of Young Human Genes after a Burst of Retroposition in Primates
Marques, A. C., Dupanloup, I., Vinckenbosch, N., Reymond, A., & Kaessmann, H. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030357 · Cited by 311
Hillbertz, N. S., Isaksson, M., Karlsson, E. K., Hellmén, E., Pielberg, G., Savolainen, P., Wade, C. M., von Euler, H., Gustafson, U., Hedhammar, Å. A., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2007.4 · Cited by 220
Lessons learned from the dog genome
Wayne, R. K., & Ostrander, E. A. (2007) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.08.013 · Cited by 211
Self-citationThe Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 1
Sablin, M., & Khlopachev, G. (2002) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/344372 · Cited by 209
Genomes were forged by massive bombardments with retroelements and retrosequences
Brosius, J. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4156-7_23 · Cited by 171
The legacy of domestication: accumulation of deleterious mutations in the dog genome
Cruz, F., Vila, C., & Webster, M. T. (2008) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msn177 · Cited by 154
Parker, H. G., Kukekova, A. V., Akey, D. T., Goldstein, O., Kirkness, E. F., Baysac, K. C., Mosher, D. S., Aguirre, G. K., Acland, G. M., & Ostrander, E. A. (2007) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.6772807 · Cited by 152
Self-citationA Mutation in Hairless Dogs Implicates FOXI3 in Ectodermal Development
Drögemüller, C., Karlsson, E. K., Hytönen, M. K., Perloski, M., Dolf, G., Sainio, K., Lohi, H., Lindblad‐Toh, K., & Leeb, T. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1162525 · Cited by 151
Genomes were forged by massive bombardments with retroelements and retrosequences
Brosius, J. (1999) · Genetica · doi:10.1023/a:1004018519722 · Cited by 144
Selective sweep mapping of genes with large phenotypic effectsPreprint
Pollinger, J. P., Bustamante, C. D., Fledel-Alon, A., Schmutz, S. M., GRAY, M. M., & Wayne, R. K. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.4374505 · Cited by 121
Self-citationThe Genetic and Endocrinic Basis for Differences in Form and Behavior
Hunt, H. F., Stockard, C. R., Anderson, O. D., & James, W. (1943) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1417368 · Cited by 99
Heuertz, S., Merrer, M. F. L., Zabel, B., Wright, M., Legeai‐Mallet, L., Cormier‐Daire, V., Gibbs, L., & Bonaventure, J. (2006) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201700 · Cited by 87
Rohozinski, J., & Bishop, C. E. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401130101 · Cited by 77
Stockard, C. R., Anderson, O. D., & James, W. (1941) · Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6460 · Cited by 61
Palmer, N. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057133-1.50009-6 · Cited by 54
Fraidenraich, D., Lang, R. A., & Basilico, C. (1998) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1998.9053 · Cited by 44
Nowling, T. K., Bernadt, C. T., Johnson, L. R., Desler, M. M., & Rizzino, A. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m207567200 · Cited by 42
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Mutations in Achondroplasia and Related Forms of Dwarfism
Horton, W. A., & Lunstrum, G. P. (2002) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1020914026829 · Cited by 41
Guo, C., Degnin, C., Laederich, M. B., Lunstrum, G. P., Holden, P. K., Bihlmaier, J., Krakow, D., Cho, Y., & Horton, W. A. (2008) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.04.001 · Cited by 32
Betrán, E. (2006) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msl090 · Cited by 24
Unexpected similarities in cellular responses to bacterial and viral invasion
Pitha, P. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0307303101 · Cited by 20
The effect of adaptive mutagenesis on genetic variation at a linked, neutral locus.
Colby, C., & Williams, S. M. (1995) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/140.3.1129 · Cited by 4
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway
Ornitz, D. M., & Itoh, N. (2015) · WIREs Developmental Biology · doi:10.1002/wdev.176 · Cited by 2,050
Origins, evolution, and phenotypic impact of new genesPreprint
Kaessmann, H. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.101386.109 · Cited by 848
Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication
vonHoldt, B. M., Pollinger, J. P., Lohmueller, K. E., Han, E., Parker, H. G., Quignon, P., Degenhardt, J. D., Boyko, A. R., Earl, D. A., Auton, A., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08837 · Cited by 825
Self-citationLINE-1 elements in structural variation and disease
Beck, C. R., Garcia-Perez, J. L., Badge, R. M., & Moran, J. V. (2011) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141802 · Cited by 615
Active human retrotransposons: variation and disease
Hancks, D. C., & Kazazian, H. H. (2012) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.006 · Cited by 592
Metadata
- Authors
- Parker, H. G., VonHoldt, B. M., Quignon, P., Margulies, E. H., Shao, S., Mosher, D. S., Spady, T. C., Elkahloun, A., Cargill, M., Jones, P. G., Maslen, C. L., Acland, G. M., Sutter, N. B., Kuroki, K., Bustamante, C. D., Wayne, R. K., & Ostrander, E. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Affymetrix (United States) (US)
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition (GB)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cargill, Michele
- Ostrander, Elaine A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-08-21
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 5943
- Pages
- 995-998
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC2748762
- OpenAlex
- W1981244256
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 16.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 HG999999)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (T32HG002536)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY006855)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM083606, 1R01GM83606, R24GM082910)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- FGF4, retrogenes, retrotransposition, chondrodysplasia, gene expression, phenotypic diversity, dog evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breeding, Dogs, Extremities, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Frequency, Haplotypes, Humerus, Pedigree, Phenotype, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Selection, Genetic, Retroelements, Evolution, Molecular, Chondrocytes, Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements, Genes, Duplicate, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Duplication, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Fibroblast Growth Factor 4, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
