Resource Partitioning in Ecological Communities: Research on how similar species divide resources helps reveal the natural regulation of species diversity.

“Thus, defining the limits of niche separation at which species can stably coexist is the major aim and challenge for studies dealing with resource partitioning (Schoener 1974).”

“, 2013), or via dietary separation of species with similar requirements, that is, resource partitioning (Calandra et al., 2015; Dueser & Shuggart, 1979; Meserve, 1981; Schoener, 1974; Symes, Wilson, Woodborne, Shaikh, & Scantlebury, 2013).”

“42 43 INTRODUCTION 44 The coexistence of similar fish species in the same habitat is often facilitated by the 45 partitioning of resources in different dimensions such as food, habitat and time (Pianka, 46 1973; Schoener, 1974; Ross, 1986).”

“It is also important to note that, at some spatial levels, interspecies interactions play an important role in the structuring of species complexes (Schoener, 1974; Wilson and Habiba, 1995; Belyea and Lancaster, 1999; Zhukov and Gubanova, 2015).”

“Niche partitioning is based on the concept that organisms outcompete competitors by diminishing resources below a competitor’s survival threshold leading to a diversification in habitat choice (Schoener, 1974).”

“The variation in the use of resources may occur along spatial, trophic, and temporal dimensions (Hutchinson, 1957; Schoener, 1974).”

“Population and community ecologists have described distinctive and varied ways in which organisms use space and resources (MacArthur 1972, Schoener 1974, Virzi et al. 2012).”

“The partitioning of resources may be influenced by factors such as time, space and ontogeny [4,14,15].”

“This alternative hypothesis suggests that temporal partitioning is less important as animals tend to maximise on opportunity, and animals would therefore be able to exhibit flexibility in their diel activity [32].”

“According to niche and competition theories, the synchronized dislodgement among K. moenkhausii and Astyanax spp., observed here, could be interpreted as a resource partitioning mechanism that prevents competition (SCHOENER 1974).”

“In addition, taxa with similar distributional ranges generally utilize habitats differently to prevent complete overlap, reduce competition, and enable coexistence (Schoener, 1974).”

“Compartmentalization through dietary niche partitioning can allow predator species to live in sympatry through specialization on specific prey items (Cody 1968, Schoener 1974, Guimerà et al.”

“Therelative rolesof intraspecific and interspecificnichevariation in shaping the structure and dynamics of communities remains unclear (May and MacArthur 1972, Schoener 1974, Lichstein et al. 2007, Violle et al. 2012, Hart et al. 2016).”

“Resource partitioning often occurs among co‐occurring species to reduce inter‐ and intra‐ specific competition when resources are limited (Schoener, 1974).”

“Niche partitioning facilitates the coexistence of competitors that divide available resources by separating along one or more niche dimensions (e.g., diet, habitat, activity time; Schoener 1974; Chesson 2000).”

“Another reason some flowering time studies do not produce evidence supporting limiting similarity is that variation in flowering time reflects one niche dimension, while other dimensions may also be important (Schoener 1974).”

“The habitat complexity that characterizes the rocky shores of Lake Malawi provides rich opportunities for niche partitioning and trophic specialization, and the mbuna do dominate and extensively exploit this habitat (MacArthur and Levins, 1964; Schoener, 1974; Ribbink et al., 1983; but see Martin and Genner, 2009).”

“…a higher aspect ratio pectoral fin than their congeners may have conferred enough competitive advantage for T. quinquevittatum to dominate within wave- swept habitats (cf. Schoener, 1974), particularly in oceanic locations that are likely to experience the most extreme levels of daily wave action.”

“That said, habitat segregation may also be a key factor for food resource partitioning (e.g. Schoener, 1974; Jepsen et al., 1997; Yu & Lee, 2005), but resources can also be shared because species may adopt important adaptive features in order to reduce interspecific competition (e.g. Nakano et al.,…”

“It has been speculated that sympatric populations of taxonomically closely related species rely on niche separation to reduce competition pressure that, in turn, facilitates long term co- existence (Schoener 1974, Pianka 1978, Fenchel and Kolding 1979, Kolding 1981).”

“REVIEWARTICLE Functional diversity and resource partitioning in fungi associated with the fine feeder roots of forest trees Gavin Kernaghan Received: 30 November 2013 /Accepted: 6 December 2013 /Published online: 22 December 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013”

“Habitat and diet differentiation are proposed to be 2 important mechanisms of coexistence among small mammals (Schoener 1974).”

“For example, such patterns can also be predicted if resources are very abundant because there is no competition for those resources (Schoener 1974).”

“Species cannot coexist without a quantitative partitioning of resources along the axes of diet, space and time (Schoener, 1974; Partridge, 1978; Tokeshi, 1999; Gordon, 2000).”

“001 (Hutchinson, 1959; MacArthur, 1972; Pianka, 1973; Schoener, 1974; Fox, 1981; Tokeshi, 1986).”

“Therefore, to reduce the negative impacts of interspecific competition, species usually segregate into three main niche dimensions: trophic dimension, temporal dimension, and spatial dimension (Schoener 1974).”

“Since interspecific competition only occurs when the resource that the species compete for is limited [23,24], studies are required to examine the extent of species competition by assessing prey abundance, fine-scale habitat use, foraging depths, and differences between local populations for odontocete species in New…”

“Broadly, the considered interactions may primarily be characterized by either coexistence, governed by resource partitioning (Sörenson et al., 2020), or by competition for energy and nutrients, which may lead to competitive exclusion (Schoener, 1974; Chesson, 2000).”

“Interspecific niche partitioning is ubiquitous in all ecosystems and is a key component to understanding biodiversity and community structure (Schoener 1974; Pianka 1975; Hadi et al.”

“…a multitude of ecological and evolutionary processes, including adaptations for ecological segregation (Hutchinson, 1959; Pigot & Tobias, 2013; Schoener, 1974), its underlying mechanistic basis (Bock, 1966; Fjeldså, 1982), the formation and maintenance of communities (Miles & Ricklefs, 1984;…”

“An animal ecological niche is a multifactorial concept that can be subdivided into several dimensions (Pianka 1974; Schoener 1974a, 1982).”

“The specific composition of communities is mainly influenced by the interaction between animals and their biotic and abiotic environments [17].”

“For eco‐ logical and behavioral mechanisms, there are three major niche di‐ mensions along which differentiation may occur: space, time, and resources (Amarasekare, 2003; Schoener, 1974).”

“Differences in use of resources are thought to promote coexistence among sympatric carnivores (Schoener 1974; Sarmento et al. 2011; Sollmann et al. 2012).”

“Agonistic interactions are more likely when microhabitat and 279 resources are shared (Schoener 1983); understanding the factors characterizing species’ 280 respective niches and the amount of overlap between these is important.”

“The multi-dimensional nature of the ecological niche means that resource partitioning occurs in several dimensions (Schoener 1974).”

“R ESOURCE partitioning is fundamental to community structuring (Schoener, 1968, 1974) and may arise from competition, predation, and physiological constraints, as well as complex interactions among these biological mechanisms (Toft, 1985).”

“The habitat has been identified as one of the primary criteria on which many biological communities are organised (Schoener, 1974; Galacaoes et al., 1996).”

“More precisely, from VolterraGauses competitive exclusion principle (see [18, 29]) it is known in theoretical biology that in a model with K limiting factors (as nutrients or geographic parameters) at most K distinct species can generally survive.”

“Competition theory states that shared resources, spatiotemporal co-occurrence and ecological similarity may all strengthen the competitive interactions between two species (Schoener, 1974).”

“While theoretically it has been shown that an interspecific competition coefficient can be partitioned into each species’ effect and response (MacArthur 1972; Schoener 1974; May 1975; Ackermann and Doebeli 2004), to our knowledge, no study to date has attempted to do so empirically.”

“Understanding the processes and mechanisms controlling a species’ trophic niche and potential consequences for coexistence of phylogenetically, morphologically or functionally similar species is a long-standing problem in ecology (Schoener, 1974; Layman & Winemiller, 2005; Andrade et al., 2019).”

“的重要组成部分(Hutchinson, 1957, 1959)。时间也可 以看作一种限制性资源, 为食肉动物提供了一种行 为改变维度来促进共存(Halle, 2000)。动物的活动节 律是描述其时间生态位的主要方式, 是描述一天中 动物怎样分配活动时间的一种量化方式(Schoener, 1974); 活动节律受到生物机体内在调节与外部因 素的共同影响 , 以适应自然环境的周期性变化 (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003)。目前有关食肉动物”

“Competitive interactions are known to influence species distribution and coexistence (MacArthur, 1958; Connell, 1961; also reviewed in Schoener, 1974, 1983; Rusterholz, 1981) although evidence for this is not unequivocal (Park and Lloyd, 1955).”

“Despite this interest in stage-specific interactions Werner and Gilliam (1984) pointed out that also at that time ecologists were paradoxically paying in general less attention to the community consequences of the 10-fold variation in body size that is regularly observed within species than to the difference in body s…”

“…low isotopic variability (standard deviation) indicated specialization in a particular trophic group (crustaceans), which indicated an ecological strategy for the optimization in the use of trophic resources, to reduce or avoid the level of intraspecific competition (Schoener, 1974; Werner, 1979).”

“This cluster also included publications on species competition [SCHOENER-TW (Schoener 1974)], on the diversity and organization of communities [CODY-ML, PIANKA-ER, HUTCHINSON-GE (Hutchinson 1959; Pianka 1973; Cody 1974)], and on population dynamics [MAY-RM (May 1974, 1976)].”

“The differential exploitation of resources facilitates the coexistence of species (Schoener 1974).”

“Theoretically, two species cannot coexist over time using the limited resources in identical ways because one eventually replaces the other (Schoener 1974).”

“Species vary broadly in their resource use within communities (Schoener 1974), and resource partitioning * Corresponding author; email: okrhoades@ucdavis.edu.”

“…Stable isotope analysis · Habitat heterogeneity · Resource partitioning Mar Ecol Prog Ser 593: 247–260, 2018 Resource partitioning is considered to be an im - portant mechanism by which species are able to re - duce competition for common resources and co-exist (Schoener 1974, Finke & Snyder 2008).”

“…followed by chorus-type SP1 between 20:00 and 23:00 h, then chorus-type SP3 with peak activity occurring between midnight and 02:00 h. Resource partitioning is a fundamental ecological concept for reducing competition between co-occurring species (Schoener, 1974; Hastings and Sirovic, 2015).”

“The niche overlap index used in this study did not account for interspecific differences in prey size, a factor which can contribute to niche separation (Schoener 1974).”

“Temporal gradients have generally been considered to play a key role in species coexistence (by separating similar competitors), although habitat filtering is probably also involved [5, 7, 12].”