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Lunar Laser Ranging: A Continuing Legacy of the Apollo Program
Abstract
On 21 July 1969, during the first manned lunar mission, Apollo 11, the first retroreflector array was placed on the moon, enabling highly accurate measurements of the Earthmoon separation by means of laser ranging. Lunar laser ranging (LLR) turns the Earthmoon system into a laboratory for a broad range of investigations, including astronomy, lunar science, gravitational physics, geodesy, and geodynamics. Contributions from LLR include the three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in accuracy in the lunar ephemeris, a several-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the measurement of the variations in the moon's rotation, and the verification of the principle of equivalence for massive bodies with unprecedented accuracy. Lunar laser ranging analysis has provided measurements of the Earth's precession, the moon's tidal acceleration, and lunar rotational dissipation. These scientific results, current technological developments, and prospects for the future are discussed here.
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Cites
Mach's Principle and a Relativistic Theory of Gravitation
Brans, C., & Dicke, R. H. (1961) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.124.925 · Cited by 5,621
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Nordtvedt, K. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.65.953 · Cited by 93
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The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
Will, C. M. (2014) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2014-4 · Cited by 3,996
Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics
Will, C. M. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781316338612 · Cited by 3,637
Khoury, J., & Weltman, A. (2004) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.69.044026 · Cited by 1,634
The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
Will, C. M. (2006) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2006-3 · Cited by 1,606
The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status
Uzan, J.-P. (2003) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.75.403 · Cited by 1,162
Metadata
- Authors
- Dickey, J. O., Bender, P. L., Faller, J. E., Newhall, X. X., Ricklefs, R. L., Ries, J. G., Shelus, P. J., Veillet, C., Whipple, A. L., Wiant, J. R., Williams, J. G., & Yoder, C. F.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1994-07-22
- Volume
- 265
- Issue
- 5171
- Pages
- 482-490
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1989038475
- Cited by
- 797
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 31.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Dickey, J. O., Bender, P. L., Faller, J. E., Newhall, X. X., Ricklefs, R. L., Ries, J. G., Shelus, P. J., Veillet, C., Whipple, A. L., Wiant, J. R., Williams, J. G., & Yoder, C. F. (1994). Lunar Laser Ranging: A Continuing Legacy of the Apollo Program. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5171.482
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