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Muscular Force in Running Turkeys: The Economy of Minimizing Work

Roberts, Thomas J., Marsh, Richard L., Weyand, Peter G., Taylor, C. Richard·1997·Science
DOI 10.1126/science.275.5303.1113
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Abstract

During running, muscles and tendons must absorb and release mechanical work to maintain the cyclic movements of the body and limbs, while also providing enough force to support the weight of the body. Direct measurements of force and fiber length in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle of running turkeys revealed that the stretch and recoil of tendon and muscle springs supply mechanical work while active muscle fibers produce high forces. During level running, the active muscle shortens little and performs little work but provides the force necessary to support body weight economically. Running economy is improved by muscles that act as active struts rather than working machines.

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Crossref · 10.1126/science.275.5303.1113

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  • Relatively smaller muscle volumes are activated during the relatively high-force eccentric contractions that simultaneously support and lower the body on negative grades.

    “Relatively smaller muscle volumes are activated during the relatively high-force eccentric contractions that simultaneously support and lower the body on negative grades (24,61).”

    From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [61]

  • Our results, the foundational context provided by Margaria and colleagues, and the muscle activation and length-change data now available from the tissue level all support the same mechanistic explanation for differences in walking economy across grade.

    “Our results, the foundational context provided by Margaria and colleagues (49,50), and the muscle activation and lengthchange data now available from the tissue level (24,61) all support the same mechanistic explanation for differences in walking economy across grade.”

    From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [61]

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Research works printed but not linked: 23

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  9. All animal care and procedures were approved and were in accordance with the animal welfare guidelines of Harvard University. Transducers were surgically implanted in adult wild turkeys (average body mass 3.6 kg). Strain gauges (Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo Ltd.) were glued to the internal and external aspects of the free calcified tendon with the use of methods developed for bone [A. A. Biewener Biomechanics: Structures and Systems (Oxford Univ. Press Oxford 1992)]. Running measurements were made 2 days after surgery. Tendon strain signals were amplified (with a Micromeasurements model 2120 amplifier) and the outputs of the internal and external gauges summed to provide a measure of strain due to muscle tension independent of tendon bending. After the running measurements animals were anesthetized and strain was calibrated to force in situ with a force transducer (Kistler model 9203). Force was a linear function of strain (correlation coefficient r 2 = 0.99; 95% confidence intervals were less than 1% of the slope). The length signal recorded from the sonomicrometer (Triton model 120) was shifted 5 ms to correct for a phase delay. EMG signals were preamplified with DAM50 (World Precision Instruments) differential preamplifiers. All signals were collected at 4000 Hz with a MacAdios II A/D converter. Force and length signals were filtered by software (Superscope II GW Instruments) with a box-smoothing filter with a cut-off frequency of 150 Hz and EMG signals were filtered with a high-pass finite impulse response filter with a cut-off frequency of 200 Hz.
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Metadata

Authors
Roberts, T. J., Marsh, R. L., Weyand, P. G., & Taylor, C. R.
Venue
Science
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
1997-02-21
Volume
275
Issue
5303
Pages
1113-1115
ISSN
  • 0036-8075
  • 1095-9203
DOI
10.1126/science.275.5303.1113
Cited by
651
References
0
Language
en

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