The pX protein of HTLV-I is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats
Abstract
Expression of the pX protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) in animal cells demonstrates that this protein is a specific transcriptional activator of the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HTLV-I. Several other promoters are not affected by pX. No lymphocyte-specific factors are required for this activation. pX can be detected in the nucleus of transfected monkey kidney cells (line CV1) by indirect immunofluorescence. These results indicate that the pX protein is essential for the replication cycle of the virus and that it may be directly involved in the immortalization of human lymphocytes by HTLV-I.
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Following infection, HTLV-1 is integrated into host cell chromatin, and the LTRs act as promoters for both the sense and anti-sense strand directions.
“Following infection, HTLV-1 is integrated into the host cell chromatin, and the LTRs act as promoters for both the sense and anti-sense strand directions [29], expressing multiple gene products detailed in Table 1.”
From Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1 (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
Like HIV-1, HTLV-1 contains trans-acting regulators of transcription in the form of Tax protein and a Tax responsive element (TRE) in the LTR.
“Like HIV-1, HTLV-1 also contains trans-acting regulators of transcription in the form of Tax (protein) and Tax responsive element (TRE) in the LTR (Sodroski et al. 1984, Cann et al. 1985, Felber et al. 1985, Fujisawa et al. 1985).”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Felber et al. 1985
Cites
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Embryonic stem cells use ZFP809 to silence retroviral DNAs
Wolf, D., & Goff, S. P. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07844 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Hadzopoulou-Cladaras, M., Felber, B. K., Cladaras, C., Athanassopoulos, A., Tse, A., & Pavlakis, G. N. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.3.1265-1274.1989 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
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Identification of the gene responsible for human T-cell leukaemia virus transcriptional regulation
Cann, A. J., Rosenblatt, J. D., Wachsman, W., Shah, N. P., & Chen, I. S. Y. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/318571a0 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis
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Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1
Wang, T. T., Hirons, A., Doerflinger, M., Morris, K. V., Ledger, S., Purcell, D. F. J., Kelleher, A. D., & Ahlenstiel, C. L. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16101616 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…[31] CA Capsid [30] Virion [31] NC Nucleocapsid [30] Virion [31] Pro PR Protease; cleavage of Gag and Pol [32] Virion [32] Pol RT Reverse Transcriptase; reverse transcription of HTLV-1 RNA into DNA [30] Virion [33] RH RT-RNase H; mediates RNA cleavage during replication and repair [30] Virion [33]”
BackgroundMethodBeyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication
Jehad, M. A., Ali, L. M., Pillai, V. N., Prabhu, S. G., Mustafa, F., & Rizvi, T. A. (2026) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuaf066 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Like HIV-1, HTLV-1 also contains trans -acting regulators of transcription in the form of Tax (protein) and Tax responsive element (TRE) in the LTR (Sodroski et al. 1984 , Cann et al. 1985 , Felber et al. 1985 , Fujisawa et al. 1985 ).”
- Authors
- Felber, B. K., Paskalis, H., Kleinman-Ewing, C., Wong-Staal, F., & Pavlakis, G. N.
- Affiliations
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20205
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1985-08-16
- Volume
- 229
- Issue
- 4714
- Pages
- 675-679
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1998461588
- Cited by
- 516
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 15.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (N01-C0-23909)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Viral-associated cancers and disorders
- Keywords
- HTLV-1, long terminal repeat, transcriptional activation, viral replication, lymphocyte immortalization, T-cell leukemia virus, nuclear localization, transcriptional activator
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Recombinant, Gene Expression Regulation, Peptides, Plasmids, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Viral Proteins, Transforming Growth Factors, Deltaretrovirus
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