The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Specific and Enduring Improvement in Visual Motion Discrimination
Abstract
Training improves the ability of human observers to discriminate between two similar directions of motion. This gradual improvement is specific to the direction on which an observer is trained, and it endures for several months. Improvement does not affect motion perception generally, nor does it depend on recognition of details of the movement.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Perceptual learning is typically specific to the stimulus attributes used during training, including motion direction in a direction-discrimination task33.”
From Neural correlates of perceptual learning in a sensory-motor, but not a sensory, cortical area (2008) · cites this paper as [33]
Citations
Cites
A study in language and cognition.
Brown, R. W., & Lenneberg, E. H. (1954) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057814 · Cited by 795
Perceptual learning specific for orientation and spatial frequency
Fiorentini, A., & Berardi, N. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/287043a0 · Cited by 494
Improvement in vernier acuity with practice
McKee, S. P., & Westhe, G. (1978) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206097 · Cited by 320
Spatial frequency adaptation can enhance contrast sensitivity
Valois, K. K. D. (1977) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(77)90010-4 · Cited by 241
Models of stimulus uncertainty in motion perception.
Ball, K., & Sekuler, R. (1980) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.87.5.435 · Cited by 127
Self-citationModels of stimulus uncertainty in motion perception.
Ball, K., & Sekuler, R. (1980) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.5.435 · Cited by 103
Self-citationVisual Motion Perception: Experimental Modification
Masland, R. H. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.165.3895.819 · Cited by 72
Practice, refractive error, and feedback as factors influencing peripheral motion thresholds
Johnson, C. A., & Leibowitz, H. W. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213944 · Cited by 70
Masking of motion by broadband and filtered directional noise
Ball, K., & Sekuler, R. (1979) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03199870 · Cited by 59
Self-citationSignal detection by human observers.
Swets, J. A., & Green, D. M. (1965) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e444572004-001 · Cited by 54
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Diffusion Decision Model: Theory and Data for Two-Choice Decision Tasks
Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (2008) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2008.12-06-420 · Cited by 3,059
Action video game modifies visual selective attention
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01647 · Cited by 2,540
The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance
Britten, K., Shadlen, M., Newsome, W., & Movshon, J. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-12-04745.1992 · Cited by 1,958
Brain Areas Involved in Perception of Biological Motion
Grossman, E. D., Donnelly, M. P. W., Price, R. R., Pickens, D. R., Morgan, V. L., Neighbor, G., & Blake, R. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562417 · Cited by 917
Task difficulty and the specificity of perceptual learning
Ahissar, M., & Hochstein, S. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387401a0 · Cited by 823
The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
Gilbert, C. D., Sigman, M., & Crist, R. E. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00424-x · Cited by 715
Learning, Attentional Control, and Action Video Games
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.012 · Cited by 805
Statistical learning of higher-order temporal structure from visual shape sequences.
Fiser, J., & Aslin, R. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.28.3.458 · Cited by 641
Exercising your brain: A review of human brain plasticity and training-induced learning.
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014345 · Cited by 660
Fast Perceptual Learning in Visual Hyperacuity
Poggio, T., Fahle, M. W., & Edelman, S. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1589770 · Cited by 552
Neural correlates of perceptual learning in a sensory-motor, but not a sensory, cortical area
Law, C.-T., & Gold, J. I. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2070 · Cited by 516
Direction-specific improvement in motion discrimination
Ball, K., & Sekuler, R. (1987) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(87)90011-3 · Cited by 509
Self-citationAttentional control of early perceptual learning.
Ahissar, M., & Hochstein, S. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5718 · Cited by 497
Perceptual learning and top-down influences in primary visual cortex
Li, W., Piëch, V., & Gilbert, C. D. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1255 · Cited by 486
Perceptual learning in Vision Research
Sagi, D. (2010) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.019 · Cited by 461
Mechanisms of perceptual learning
Dosher, B. A., & Lu, Z.-L. (1999) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00059-0 · Cited by 394
Gilbert, C. D. (1998) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.2.467 · Cited by 383
Oblique effect: a neural basis in the visual cortex
Li, B., Peterson, M. R., & Freeman, R. D. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00954.2002 · Cited by 328
Effects of Visual Experience on the Representation of Objects in the Prefrontal Cortex
Rainer, G., & Miller, E. K. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00019-2 · Cited by 285
Human velocity and direction discrimination measured with random dot patterns
de Bruyn, B., & Orban, G. A. (1988) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(88)90064-8 · Cited by 286
Task precision at transfer determines specificity of perceptual learning
Jeter, P. E., Dosher, B. A., Petrov, A. A., & Lu, Z. (2009) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.3.1 · Cited by 264
Visual localization: age and practice
Sekuler, R., & Ball, K. (1986) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.3.000864 · Cited by 260
Self-citationComparing perceptual learning across tasks: A review
Fine, I., & Jacobs, R. A. (2002) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/2.2.5 · Cited by 242
Visual Perceptual Learning and Models
Dosher, B. A., & Lu, Z. (2017) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061249 · Cited by 245
Differential development of visual attention skills in school-age children
Dye, M., & Bavelier, D. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.010 · Cited by 251
Perceptual Relearning of Complex Visual Motion after V1 Damage in Humans
Huxlin, K. R., Martin, T., Kelly, K. N., Riley, M. E., Friedman, D. I., Burgin, W. S., & Hayhoe, M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4882-08.2009 · Cited by 215
Encoding Multielement Scenes: Statistical Learning of Visual Feature Hierarchies.
Fiser, J., & Aslin, R. Ν. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.521 · Cited by 223
Laws of concatenated perception: Vision goes for novelty, decisions for perseverance
Pascucci, D., Mancuso, G., Santandrea, E., Libera, C. D., Plomp, G., & Chelazzi, L. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000144 · Cited by 217
The effect of practice on the oblique effect in line orientation judgments
Vogels, R., & Orban, G. A. (1985) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(85)90140-3 · Cited by 203
Perceptual learning and human expertise
Kellman, P. J., & Garrigan, P. (2008) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2008.12.001 · Cited by 204
Top-Down Reorganization of Activity in the Visual Pathway after Learning a Shape Identification Task
Sigman, M., Pan, H., Yang, Y., Stern, E. R., Silbersweig, D., & Gilbert, C. D. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.014 · Cited by 197
On methodological standards in training and transfer experiments
Green, C. S., Strobach, T., & Schubert, T. (2013) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0535-3 · Cited by 207
On The Role Of Encoding Processes In Stereotype Maintenance
von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Vargas, P. T. (1995) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60406-2 · Cited by 190
Letter-recognition and reading speed in peripheral vision benefit from perceptual learning
Chung, S. T. L., Legge, G. E., & Cheung, S. H. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2003.09.028 · Cited by 169
Improving Reading Speed for People with Central Vision Loss through Perceptual Learning
Chung, S. T. L. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6034 · Cited by 164
Perceptual decision making: drift-diffusion model is equivalent to a Bayesian model
Bitzer, S., Park, H., Blankenburg, F., & Kiebel, S. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00102 · Cited by 168
Spering, M., & Montagnini, A. (2010) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.017 · Cited by 157
Learning to See Biological Motion: Brain Activity Parallels Behavior
Grossman, E. D., Blake, R., & Kim, C.-Y. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042568569 · Cited by 153
Sowden, P. T., Rose, D. H., & DAVIES, I. R. L. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00019-6 · Cited by 149
Mechanisms of generalization in perceptual learning
Liu, Z., & Weinshall, D. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00140-6 · Cited by 149
Keep your eyes on the ball: smooth pursuit eye movements enhance prediction of visual motion
Spering, M., Schütz, A. C., Braun, D. I., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00344.2010 · Cited by 141
Perceptual learning in visual search: Fast, enduring, but non-specific
Sireteanu, R., & Rettenbach, R. (1995) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)00295-w · Cited by 143
Perceptual learning in vernier acuity: What is learned?
Saarinen, J. K. S., & Levi, D. M. (1995) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)00141-8 · Cited by 143
Abnormal Visual Motion Processing in Schizophrenia: A Review of Research Progress
Chen, Y. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr020 · Cited by 149
What a difference a parameter makes: A psychophysical comparison of random dot motion algorithms
Pilly, P. K., & Seitz, A. R. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.03.019 · Cited by 140
Li, R. W., Levi, D. M., & Klein, S. A. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1183 · Cited by 133
Perceptual learning in parafoveal vision
Beard, B. L., Levi, D. M., & Reich, L. N. (1995) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)00267-p · Cited by 127
Lu, Z., Hua, T., Huang, C., Zhou, Y., & Dosher, B. A. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.09.010 · Cited by 123
Rapidly learned stimulus expectations alter perception of motion
Chalk, M., Seitz, A. R., & Series, P. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.8.2 · Cited by 122
Multisensory perceptual learning and sensory substitution
Proulx, M. J., Brown, D. J., Pasqualotto, A., & Meijer, P. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.017 · Cited by 148
About individual differences in vision
Grzeczkowski, L., Clarke, A., Francis, G., Mast, F. W., & Herzog, M. H. (2017) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2016.10.006 · Cited by 120
The EZ diffusion model provides a powerful test of simple empirical effects
van Ravenzwaaij, D., Donkin, C., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1081-y · Cited by 116
Anisotropies in visual motion perception: a fresh look
Gros, B. L., Blake, R., & Hiris, E. J. (1998) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.15.002003 · Cited by 116
Abrupt learning and retinal size specificity in illusory-contour perception
Rubin, N., Nakayama, K., & Shapley, R. M. (1997) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00217-x · Cited by 112
Influences of Multisensory Experience on Subsequent Unisensory Processing
Shams, L. B., Wozny, D. R., Kim, R. S., & Seitz, A. R. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00264 · Cited by 124
Perceptual learning in visual search generalizes over tasks, locations, and eyes
Sireteanu, R., & Rettenbach, R. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00145-0 · Cited by 110
Perceptual learning retunes the perceptual template in foveal orientation identification
Lu, Z., & Dosher, B. A. (2004) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/4.1.5 · Cited by 108
Perceptual learning in motion discrimination that generalizes across motion directions
Liu, Z. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.14085 · Cited by 107
Attention Alters Visual Plasticity during Exposure-Based Learning
Gutnisky, D. A., Hansen, B. J., Iliescu, B. F., & Dragoi, V. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.063 · Cited by 103
Free-energy minimization in joint agent-environment systems: A niche construction perspective
Bruineberg, J. P., Rietveld, E., Parr, T., van Maanen, L., & Friston, K. J. (2018) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.07.002 · Cited by 98
Current directions in visual perceptual learning
Lu, Z., & Dosher, B. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00107-2 · Cited by 114
Deep Neural Networks for Modeling Visual Perceptual Learning
Wenliang, L. K., & Seitz, A. R. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1620-17.2018 · Cited by 83
Gilbert, C. D. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.4.1195 · Cited by 92
Action video games do not improve the speed of information processing in simple perceptual tasks.
van Ravenzwaaij, D., Boekel, W., Forstmann, B. U., Ratcliff, R., & Wagenmakers, E. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0036923 · Cited by 98
The what and why of perceptual asymmetries in the visual domain
Karim, A. K. M. R., & Kojima, H. (2010) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0080-6 · Cited by 85
Rokem, A., & Silver, M. A. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.027 · Cited by 86
Reference Repulsion When Judging the Direction of Visual Motion
Rauber, H.-J., & Treue, S. (1998) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p270393 · Cited by 83
Mechanisms of perceptual learning
Lu, Z., & Dosher, B. A. (2009) · Learning & Perception · doi:10.1556/lp.1.2009.1.3 · Cited by 85
Cutting, J. E. (1987) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.000425 · Cited by 88
Sigala, R., Haufe, S., Roy, D., Dinse, H. R., & Ritter, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2014.00036 · Cited by 91
Measuring psychometric functions with the diffusion model.
Ratcliff, R. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0034954 · Cited by 94
Second Language Experience Facilitates Statistical Learning of Novel Linguistic Materials
Potter, C. E., Wang, T., & Saffran, J. R. (2016) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12473 · Cited by 81
Body size estimation in women with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls using 3D avatars
Cornelissen, K. K., McCarty, K., Cornelissen, P. L., & Tovée, M. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15339-z · Cited by 88
Filtering visual onsets via habituation: A context-specific long-term memory of irrelevant stimuli
Turatto, M., Bonetti, F., & Pascucci, D. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1320-x · Cited by 76
Holmes, W. R., Trueblood, J. S., & Heathcote, A. (2016) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.11.002 · Cited by 80
Perceptual plasticity in damaged adult visual systems
Huxlin, K. R. (2008) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.022 · Cited by 73
The good, the bad, and the biased
Szafir, D. A. (2018) · interactions · doi:10.1145/3231772 · Cited by 78
Directional tuning of human motion adaptation as reflected by the motion VEP
Hoffmann, M. B., Unsoeld, A. S., & Bach, M. (2001) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00112-2 · Cited by 73
Dichoptic training improves contrast sensitivity in adults with amblyopia
Li, J., Spiegel, D. P., Hess, R. F., Chen, Z., Chan, L. Y. L., Deng, D., Yu, M., & Thompson, B. S. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.017 · Cited by 71
A neural circuit model of decision uncertainty and change-of-mind
Atiya, N. A. A., Rañó, I., Prasad, G., & Wong‐Lin, K. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10316-8 · Cited by 69
Chung, S. T. L., Li, R. W., & Levi, D. M. (2006) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.06.014 · Cited by 69
Two‐stage model in perceptual learning: toward a unified theory
Shibata, K., Sagi, D., & Watanabe, T. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12419 · Cited by 68
Perceptual Learning at a Conceptual Level
Wang, R., Wang, J., Zhang, J.-Y., Xie, X., Yang, Y., Luo, S., Yu, C., & Li, W. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2732-15.2016 · Cited by 68
Perceptual Learning: Use-Dependent Cortical Plasticity
Li, W. (2016) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-111815-114351 · Cited by 69
Broad-based visual benefits from training with an integrated perceptual-learning video game
Deveau, J., Lovcik, G., & Seitz, A. R. (2014) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.12.015 · Cited by 67
Suzuki, S., & Grabowecky, M. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.028 · Cited by 67
Visual biases in judging body weight
Cornelissen, K. K., Gledhill, L. J., Cornelissen, P. L., & Tovée, M. J. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12185 · Cited by 66
Hebbian reweighting on stable representations in perceptual learning
Dosher, B. A., & Lu, Z. (2009) · Learning & Perception · doi:10.1556/lp.1.2009.1.4 · Cited by 65
Perceptual learning on orientation and direction discrimination
Matthews, N., Liu, Z., Geesaman, B. J., & Ning Qian, A. (1999) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00069-3 · Cited by 64
Butler, P. D., Chen, Y., Ford, J. M., Geyer, M. A., Silverstein, S. M., & Green, M. F. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr106 · Cited by 65
Perceptual Learning Generalization from Sequential Perceptual Training as a Change in Learning Rate
Kattner, F., Cochrane, A., Cox, C. R., Gorman, T. E., & Green, C. S. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.046 · Cited by 63
Transfer of learning across durations and ears in auditory frequency discrimination
Delhommeau, K., Micheyl, C., Jouvent, R., & Collet, L. (2002) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194715 · Cited by 60
Decision making on spatially continuous scales.
Ratcliff, R. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000117 · Cited by 60
Interference and feature specificity in visual perceptual learning
Yotsumoto, Y., Chang, L.-H., Watanabe, T., & Sasaki, Y. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.001 · Cited by 59
Can theories of animal discrimination explain perceptual learning in humans?
Mitchell, C. J., & Hall, G. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0032765 · Cited by 65
The impact of MRI scanner environment on perceptual decision-making
van Maanen, L., Forstmann, B. U., Keuken, M. C., Wagenmakers, E., & Heathcote, A. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0563-6 · Cited by 63
Learning letter identification in peripheral vision
Chung, S. T. L., Levi, D. M., & Tjan, B. S. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.11.021 · Cited by 57
Berry, A. S., Zanto, T. P., Rutman, A. M., Clapp, W. C., & Gazzaley, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00179.2009 · Cited by 60
Paffen, C. L. E., Verstraten, F. A. J., & Vidnyánszky, Z. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.4.25 · Cited by 55
Aging, perceptual learning, and changes in efficiency of motion processing
Bower, J. D., & Andersen, G. J. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.07.016 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Ball, K., & Sekuler, R.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1982-11-12
- Volume
- 218
- Issue
- 4573
- Pages
- 697-698
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1984865875
- Cited by
- 383
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- visual motion discrimination, movement direction, perceptual learning, long-term retention, motion perception, visual perception
- MeSH terms
- Discrimination, Psychological, Eye Movements, Humans, Motion Perception, Neuronal Plasticity, Time Factors, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review