Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 579

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Evidence from 18 S Ribosomal DNA that the Lophophorates Are Protostome Animals

Halanych, Kenneth M., Bacheller, John D., Aguinaldo, Anna Marie A., Liva, Stephanie M., Hillis, David M., Lake, James A.·1995·Science

Abstract

The suspension-feeding metazoan subkingdom Lophophorata exhibits characteristics of both deuterostomes and protostomes. Because the morphology and embryology of lophophorates are phylogenetically ambiguous, their origin is a major unsolved problem of metazoan phylogenetics. The complete 18 S ribosomal DNA sequences of all three lophophorate phyla were obtained and analyzed to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of this subkingdom. Sequence analyses show that lophophorates are protostomes closely related to mollusks and annelids. This conclusion deviates from the commonly held view of deuterostome affinity.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.7886451

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 35

  1. BACKELJAU, T, CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS OF METAZOAN RELATIONSHIPS - A REAPPRAISAL, CLADISTICS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE WILLI HENNIG SOCIETY 9: 167 (1993). · doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1993.tb00216.x
  2. CHRISTEN, R, AN ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGIN OF METAZOANS, USING COMPARISONS OF PARTIAL SEQUENCES OF THE 28S RNA, REVEALS AN EARLY EMERGENCE OF TRIPLOBLASTS, EMBO JOURNAL 10: 499 (1991). · DOI
  3. DEQUEIROZ, K, PHYLOGENY AS A CENTRAL PRINCIPLE IN TAXONOMY - PHYLOGENETIC DEFINITIONS OF TAXON NAMES, SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY 39: 307 (1990). · DOI · Paper page
  4. EERNISE, D.J., SYST BIOL 41: 305 (1993).
  5. EMIG, C.C., THE BIOLOGY OF PHORONIDA, ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 19: 1 (1982). · DOI
  6. Emig, C. C., Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms: 741 (1982).
  7. Emig, C. C., Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 14: 10 (1976).
  8. FAITH, D.P., CLADISTIC PERMUTATION TESTS FOR MONOPHYLY AND NONMONOPHYLY, SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY 40: 366 (1991). · DOI · Paper page
  9. FELSENSTEIN, J, PHYLOGENIES FROM MOLECULAR SEQUENCES - INFERENCE AND RELIABILITY, ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS 22: 521 (1988). · DOI · Paper page
  10. 10.1126/science.3277277 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Ghislen, M. T., Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology 5: 66 (1988).
  12. Gustus, R. M., Acta Zoologica 53: 229 (1972). · DOI
  13. HALANYCH, K.M., SUSPENSION-FEEDING BY THE LOPHOPHORE-LIKE APPARATUS OF THE PTEROBRANCH HEMICHORDATE RHABDOPLEURA-NORMANI, BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 185: 417 (1993). · DOI
  14. HIGGINS, D.G., CLUSTAL-V - IMPROVED SOFTWARE FOR MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT, COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE BIOSCIENCES 8: 189 (1992).
  15. Hillis, D. M., Molecular Systematics: 318 (1990).
  16. HILLIS, D.M., Q REV BIOL 66: 411 (1991). · DOI · Paper page
  17. HILLIS, D.M., AN EMPIRICAL-TEST OF BOOTSTRAPPING AS A METHOD FOR ASSESSING CONFIDENCE IN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS, SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 42: 182 (1993). · DOI · Paper page
  18. HYMAN, L.H., THE OCCURRENCE OF CHITIN IN THE LOPHOPHORATE PHYLA, BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 114: 106 (1958). · doi:10.2307/1538968
  19. Lake, J. A., The Hierarchy of Life: 273 (1989).
  20. LAKE, J.A., ORIGIN OF THE METAZOA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 87: 763 (1990).
  21. LOCKHART, P.J., RECOVERING EVOLUTIONARY TREES UNDER A MORE REALISTIC MODEL OF SEQUENCE EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 11: 605 (1994).
  22. MASLOV, D.A., EVOLUTION OF RNA EDITING IN KINETOPLASTID PROTOZOA, NATURE 368: 345 (1994). · doi:10.1038/368345a0
  23. Nielsen, C., Biology of Bryozoans: 519 (1977).
  24. OLSEN, G.J., PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91: 1455 (1994).
  25. Patterson, C., The Hierarchy of Life: 471 (1989).
  26. ROWELL, A.J., THE MONOPHYLETIC ORIGIN OF THE BRACHIOPODA, LETHAIA 15: 299 (1982). · DOI
  27. Rudall, K. M., Biological Reviews 48: 597 (1973). · DOI · Paper page
  28. Schram, F. R., The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa: 35 (1991).
  29. TELFORD, M.J., THE PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF THE CHAETOGNATHS - A MOLECULAR ANALYSIS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 10: 660 (1993).
  30. VALENTINE, J.W., ADAPTIVE STRATEGY AND ORIGIN OF GRADES AND GROUND-PLANS, AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST 15: 391 (1975). · DOI
  31. VALENTINE, J.W., COELOMATE SUPERPHYLA, SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY 22: 97 (1973). · DOI
  32. WADA, H, DETAILS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY FROM INVERTEBRATES TO VERTEBRATES, AS DEDUCED FROM THE SEQUENCES OF 18S RDNA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91: 1801 (1994).
  33. Williams, A., Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record: 79 (1977).
  34. Willmer P. Invertebrate Relationships (1990). · DOI · Paper page
  35. Zimmer, R. L., Living and Fossil Bryozoa: 593 (1973).

Cited by

See all 579

Metadata

Authors
Halanych, K. M., Bacheller, J. D., Aguinaldo, A. M. A., Liva, S. M., Hillis, D. M., & Lake, J. A.
Venue
Science
Published
1995-03-17
Volume
267
Issue
5204
Pages
1641-1643
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
OpenAlex
W2011124999
Cited by
579
References
1
FWCI
36.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evidence from 18 S Ribosomal DNA that the Lophophorates Are Protostome Animals. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1126/science.7886451
The paper
Halanych, K. M., Bacheller, J. D., Aguinaldo, A. M. A., Liva, S. M., Hillis, D. M., & Lake, J. A. (1995). Evidence from 18 S Ribosomal DNA that the Lophophorates Are Protostome Animals. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7886451

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.