The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Convergence: The future of health
Abstract
The integration of the life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, engineering, and information technology—often referred to as Convergence—has emerged in recent years as a powerful approach to research with the potential to lead to medical and technological breakthroughs. As emphasized in
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Convergence: The Future of Health (www.convergencerevolution.net/2016-report/).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An overview of deep learning in medical imaging focusing on MRI
Lundervold, A. S., & Lundervold, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik · doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2018.11.002 · Cited by 2,058
“no, located inside the Department of Radiology (53)In-line with the ideas of the convergence of disciplines and the “future of health”, as described in [361]”
BackgroundAn overview of deep learning in medical imaging focusing on MRI
Lundervold, A. S., & Lundervold, A. (2018) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1,012
Qiu, S., Zhao, H., Jiang, N., Wang, Z., Liu, L., An, Y., Zhao, H., Miao, X., Liu, R., & Fortino, G. (2022) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.11.006 · Cited by 671
The promise of organ and tissue preservation to transform medicine
Giwa, S. E., Lewis, J. K., Alvarez, L. M., Langer, R., Roth, A. E., Church, G. M., Markmann, J. F., Sachs, D. H., Chandraker, A. K., Wertheim, J. A., et al. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3889 · Cited by 551
“This creates special challenges, as the institutions supporting science and engineering research have historically been divided according to research discipline 159 .”
BackgroundLandslide failures detection and mapping using Synthetic Aperture Radar: Past, present and future
Mondini, A. C., Guzzetti, F., Chang, K., et al. (2021) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103574 · Cited by 308
Engineering and physical sciences in oncology: challenges and opportunities
Mitchell, M. J., Jain, R. K., & Langer, R. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.83 · Cited by 273
Lamnabhi‐Lagarrigue, F., Annaswamy, A. M., Engell, S., Isaksson, A. J., Khargonekar, P. P., Murray, R. M., Nijmeijer, H., Samad, T., Tilbury, D. M., & den Hof, P. M. J. V. (2017) · Annual Reviews in Control · doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2017.04.001 · Cited by 269
Torkamani, A., Andersen, K. G., Steinhubl, S. R., & Topol, E. J. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.007 · Cited by 253
Physical stimuli-responsive vesicles in drug delivery: Beyond liposomes and polymersomes
Kauscher, U., Holme, M. N., Björnmalm, M., & Stevens, M. M. (2018) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.012 · Cited by 202
“These are multifaceted challenges which are best addressed through inter- and multidisciplinary approaches, for example through “convergent science” [200, 201].”
Peek, L., Tobin-Gurley, J., Adams, R. M., Wu, H., & Mathews, M. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2020.00110 · Cited by 195
“…major underlying problems associated with the advancement of convergence research: “(1) a shortage of workers with capabilities in convergence scientific, medical, bioengineering fields, and (2) inadequate [corporate and government] funding for early stage research” (Sharp et al., 2016b, p. 56).”
BackgroundInfluentialChang, N., Hossain, M. U., Valencia, A., Qiu, J., & Kapucu, N. (2020) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102486 · Cited by 83
Biomaterials-Mediated Engineering of the Immune System
Backlund, C. M., Jalili‐Firoozinezhad, S., Kim, B., & Irvine, D. J. (2023) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-040259 · Cited by 49
Science and technology convergence: with emphasis for nanotechnology-inspired convergence
Bainbridge, W. S., & Roco, M. C. (2016) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-016-3520-0 · Cited by 52
Has traditional medicine had its day? The need to redefine academic medicine
Dzau, V. J., Laitner, M. H., & Balatbat, C. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01603-8 · Cited by 47
Reimagining population health as convergence science
Dzau, V. J., & Balatbat, C. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31372-2 · Cited by 36
Quantifying the Impact of Impact Investing
Lo, A. W., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.01168 · Cited by 39
Invited perspectives: Landslide populations – can they be predicted?
Guzzetti, F. (2021) · Natural hazards and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/nhess-21-1467-2021 · Cited by 30
“…that in medicine – a field of science conceptually close to the field of landslide hazard assessment and risk mitigation (Guzzetti, 2015) – the paradigm of “convergence research” is emerging (Sharp and Hockfield, 2017), where “convergence comes as a result of the sharing of methods and ideas . . .”
BackgroundOn the Prediction of Landslides and Their Consequences
Guzzetti, F. (2020) · ICL contribution to landslide disaster risk reduction · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60196-6_1 · Cited by 29
A global forum on synthetic biology: the need for international engagement
Dixon, T. A., Freemont, P. S., Johnson, R. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31265-9 · Cited by 23
Advancing interdisciplinary science for disrupting wildlife trafficking networks
Gore, M. L., Griffin, E. C., Dilkina, B., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2208268120 · Cited by 22
Capitalizing on convergence for health care
Sharp, P. A., Jacks, T., & Hockfield, S. J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2350 · Cited by 19
Self-citationManaging technological uncertainty in science incubation: a prospective sensemaking perspective
Friesl, M., Ford, C. J., & Mason, K. J. (2018) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12356 · Cited by 24
Convergence Research as a ‘System-of-Systems’: A Framework and Research Agenda
Gajary, L. C., Misra, S., Desai, A., Evasius, D. M., Frechtling, J. A., Pendlebury, D., Schnell, J. D., Silverstein, G., & Wells, J. (2023) · Minerva · doi:10.1007/s11024-023-09503-1 · Cited by 21
“Extending their description of Convergence Research and its ecosystem further, Sharp et al. (2016) provide the following summary in Convergence: The Future of Health : Convergence as applied to health is an approach to problem-solving that integrates expertise from life sciences with physical,…”
Bahall, M. U. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-2931-2 · Cited by 18
“Throughput can also benefit from the additional input brought by convergence, such as imaging, re-engineering, big data and health information technology, and nanotechnology [60].”
BackgroundA Self-Calibrated Single Wavelength Biosensor for Measuring Oxygen Saturation
Katan, M., Pearl, O., Tzroya, A., Duadi, H., & Fixler, D. (2024) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios14030132 · Cited by 18
“The integration of BioConvergence technologies with bio-devices and bio-chips has the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine by providing more effective monitoring tools or innovative treatments [3].”
BackgroundMäkinen, E. I. (2021) · Management Learning · doi:10.1177/13505076211036970 · Cited by 15
“…pandemic highlights the value of medical research, where the aim is to promote cooperation and interaction among clinicians, scientists, and different stakeholders in an effort to translate scientific discoveries into new applications and treatments needed in medical practice (Sharp et al., 2016).”
BackgroundApplication of the convergent education model in the development of a smart learning environment
Викторович, Д. М., & Finogeev, A. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2023.100051 · Cited by 11
Boutin, R. D., Houston, D. K., Chaudhari, A. S., Willis, M. H., Fausett, C. L., & Lenchik, L. (2022) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2022.03.001 · Cited by 11
Standing the test of COVID-19: charting the new frontiers of medicine
Cauchemez, S., Cossu, G., Delzenne, N. M., Elinav, E., Fassin, D., Fischer, A., Härtung, T., Kalra, D., Netea, M. G., Neyts, J. H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Science · doi:10.3389/fsci.2024.1236919 · Cited by 12
“This framework takes into account previous convergence science recommendations by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (145) and the United States National Academies (148) together with COVID-19 learnings and other developments.”
BackgroundAt the nexus of science, engineering, and medicine: Pasteur's quadrant reconsidered
Pettigrew, R. I., & Cooke, J. P. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac092 · Cited by 10
“In this approach, multiple science and engineering fields are merged to create new insights and disciplines with the potential for breakthroughs in problem solving (1,3).”
Can Financial Economics Cure Cancer?
Lo, A. W. (2021) · Atlantic Economic Journal · doi:10.1007/s11293-021-09704-7 · Cited by 11
“The title of their report is Convergence: The Future of Health (Hockfield et al., 2016).”
InfluentialThree Approaches to Design Engineering in the Health Domain: A Systemic Perspective
Pannunzio, V., Kleinsmann, M. S., & Snelders, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Engineering Design · doi:10.1017/dsi.2019.106 · Cited by 12
Sarvghad, A., Franqui-Nadal, R., Reznik-Zellen, R. C., Chawla, R., & Mahyar, N. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3158236 · Cited by 11
Editorial Health Engineering: Convergence Transforming Reactive Medicine to Proactive Healthcare
(2018) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2018.2852858 · Cited by 9
“Meanwhile, algorithms to enable data-driven medical decisions can help doctors use the best available evidence quickly” [5].”
BackgroundTowards a Common Understanding of the Biointelligence Concept
Miehe, R., Baumgarten, Y., & Bauernhansl, T. (2023) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.09.186 · Cited by 8
Overcoming boundaries: Interdisciplinary challenges and opportunities in cognitive neuroscience
Brignol, A., Paas, A., Castro, L. C. S., St-Onge, D., Beltrame, G., & Coffey, E. B. J. (2024) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108903 · Cited by 9
Experimental Nuclear Medicine Meets Tumor Biology
Balber, T., Tran, L., Benčurová, K., Raitanen, J., Egger, G., & Mitterhauser, M. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15020227 · Cited by 9
“Personalized diagnosis of diseases in turn strongly depends on the collaboration of different clinical disciplines, which implies the sharing of methods and ideas [5].”
BackgroundFactors Mediating Learning and Application of Computational Modeling by Life Scientists
Madamanchi, A., Cardella, M., Glazier, J. A., et al. (2018) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2018.8659328 · Cited by 8
“To date, most initiatives for promoting convergence have either recruited engineers into the life sciences or created selective interdisciplinary training programs at elite universities [4, 5].”
BackgroundBelloso, W. H. (2020) · Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science · doi:10.1007/s43441-020-00125-3 · Cited by 8
“This has been referred to as a “convergence of disciplines”, or simply as “Convergence” [7, 8].”
BackgroundRanganathan, B. (2017) · doi:10.15226/csroa.2017.00130 · Cited by 7
What is Convergence?: A Systematic Review of the Definition of and Aspects of Convergent Work
Thompson, M. S., Cheville, A., Thomas, R. L., et al. (2023) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie58773.2023.10343511 · Cited by 7
“Use Count US National Academies reports 5 [4]–[8] NSFWebsite [9] 5 Roco and Bainbridge [10]–[12] 4 Sharp [13], [14] 3 European Conference Report [15] 1 Inst of medicine [4] 1 term “convergence” has multiple definitions.”
BackgroundWalker, M. C., Morgan, V. L., King, M. R., et al. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-018-0528-9 · Cited by 6
Environmental health in the biology century: Transitions from population to personalized prevention
Groopman, J. D. (2019) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370219837903 · Cited by 6
“All of these findings are now converging through the merging of life, engineering in physical sciences that will fundamentally change the approach to disciplinary strategies in human health and the global scale.(14,15) Public health practice in training will be greatly impacted by the need for multidisciplinary approa…”
Scialog: The Catalysis of Convergence
Wiener, R., & Ronco, S. E. (2019) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00626 · Cited by 6
Quantifying the Impact of Impact InvestingPreprint
Lo, A. W., & Zhang, R.-X. (2023) · Management Sciences · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3944367 · Cited by 25
“In particular, recent biomedical advances have created significant opportunities for a new generation of therapeutics (Sharp and Hockfield 2017).”
Wells, G. B., Baxter, D. A., Day, L. J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1520976 · Cited by 5
Dzau, V. J., Ogilvie, J. L., & McGinnis, M. R. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac007 · Cited by 5
“(3)” NAM embraces convergence science to transform health and medicine.”
BackgroundExplanatory Particularism in Scientific Practice
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Convergence research for sustainable regional systems
Chang, H., Roe, B. E., Erkoc, M., Heyman, J., Foo, K., Sanyal, D., Banerjee, D., Rushforth, R. R., & Srinivasan, J. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113104 · Cited by 3
Liao, Y., Davies, N. A., & Bogle, I. D. L. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2022.118131 · Cited by 3
Madamanchi, A., Poindexter, S. V., Cardella, M., et al. (2018) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2018.8659183 · Cited by 3
“Many RI universities have made substantial investments in computational and systems-biology education [8].”
BackgroundProfessor R.E. Kalman–Reflections on his way of thinking
Khargonekar, P. P. (2018) · Annual Reviews in Control · doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2018.01.002 · Cited by 2
Hari, R. (2023) · Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae · doi:10.57048/aasf.131960 · Cited by 2
Enter the Physicianeers—How They Will Transform Health Care
Pettigrew, R. I. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.25875 · Cited by 2
The Future of Translational Medicine: Accelerating Open Convergence
Wagner, J. A. (2019) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.1700 · Cited by 2
An engineering makeover of biomedical research
Ntziachristos, V., Quake, S. R., & Tschöp, M. H. (2023) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-022-00015-3 · Cited by 2
Brooks, A. L., Bell, N., Jambeck, J., Werner, M., & Bilec, M. M. (2024) · Detritus · doi:10.31025/2611-4135/2024.19444 · Cited by 2
“…efforts have begun calling for such integration of scientific disciplines and researchers to develop strategies for tackling compelling topics ranging from nat-ural hazards and disasters (Peek et al., 2020), to health-care (Sharp & Hockfield, 2017), and nanotechnology (Roco & Bainbridge, 2013).”
Systemic Convergence Education in Undergraduate ECE Programs
Cheville, A., Nickel, R. M., Thomas, S. J., Thomams, R., & Thompson, M. S. (2021) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie49875.2021.9637483 · Cited by 1
Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology
Mayes, R. L., Dauer, J. T., & Owens, D. C. (2023) · Quantitative Plant Biology · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8 · Cited by 1
“…STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), stating that the grand challenges of tomorrow, such as human health (Dzau & Balatbat, 2018; Sharp & Hockfield, 2017), the food, energy, and water nexus, and exploring the universe, must be solved at the convergence of STEM fields (Smith &…”
BackgroundSupporting Convergence Development through Structural Changes to an ECE Program
Cheville, A., Appelhans, S., Thomas, R. L., et al. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--41914 · Cited by 1
Convergence Research for Microplastic Pollution at the Watershed Scale
Chang, H., Granek, E. F., Gannon, A., Wolfand, J. M., & Brahney, J. (2025) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments12060187 · Cited by 1
“Our work echoes the definition of convergence research as a problem-based approach with cross-disciplinary integration [30,31,69].”
The Role of Data in an Emerging Research Community:
Pollock, D., Yan, A., Parker, M., & Allard, S. L. (2022) · International Journal of Digital Curation · doi:10.2218/ijdc.v16i1.653 · Cited by 1
“…collection, management, and sharing of data resulting from the research; and researchers’ own skills and experience working as collaborating members of multidisciplinary teams (Hicks et al., 2010; Lungeanu et al., 2014; Mauz, et al., 2012; Porter et al., 2012; Reichman, 2004; Sharp et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialWilliams, C. K. O. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99238-9_1
Il ruolo di AGENAS per favorire lo sviluppo delle reti clinico-assistenziali
Ghirardini, A., Ippolito, B., & Bevere, F. (2020) · MECOSAN · doi:10.3280/mesa2019-109007
Jones, M. M., Lepetit, L., Krapels, J., et al. (2018) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr1711
Democratizing University ResearchPreprint
Jones, N. S., & Ces, O. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.16091
“The compelling, convergence [3] case for deeper integration of disciplines”
BackgroundGuzzetti, F. (2021) · doi:10.5194/nhess-2021-39-ac4
How can we know what is true, then?
Stein, D. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90239-7.00010-9
Assessment, Usability, and Sociocultural Impacts of DataONE
Sandusky, R. J., Allard, S. L., Baird, L., Cannon, L. P., Crowston, K., Forrester, A., Grant, B. W., Hu, R., Olendorf, R., Pollock, D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Digital Curation · doi:10.2218/ijdc.v16i1.678 · Cited by 1
“Multiple sources have noted the success of such approaches in addressing complex challenges in areas including computation, engineering, the environment, and human health (Bainbridge, 2004; MIT, 2011; NRC, 2014; Sharp, Hockfield, and Jacks, 2016).”
Background(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90239-7.00013-4
Guzzetti, F. (2021) · doi:10.5194/nhess-2021-39-ac2
Guzzetti, F. (2021) · doi:10.5194/nhess-2021-39-ac1
Guzzetti, F. (2021) · doi:10.5194/nhess-2021-39-rc2
Guzzetti, F. (2021) · doi:10.5194/nhess-2021-39-ac3
Guzzetti, F. (2021) · doi:10.5194/nhess-2021-39-rc1
Τσατταλιός, Κ. (2019) · University of Aberdeen · doi:10.12681/eadd/52256
Decision: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R1/PR8
Mayes, R. L., Dauer, J. T., & Owens, D. C. (2023) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr8
Recommendation: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R1/PR7
Mayes, R. L., Dauer, J. T., & Owens, D. C. (2023) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr7
Review: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R1/PR6
Mayes, R. L., Dauer, J. T., & Owens, D. C. (2023) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr6
Decision: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R0/PR4
Mayes, R. L., Dauer, J. T., & Owens, D. C. (2022) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr4
Recommendation: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R0/PR3
Mayes, R. L., Dauer, J. T., & Owens, D. C. (2021) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr3
Review: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R0/PR2
Mayes, R. L., Dauer, J. T., & Owens, D. C. (2021) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr2
Decision: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R2/PR11
Mayes, R., Dauer, J., & Owens, D. (2023) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr11
Recommendation: Convergence and transdisciplinary teaching in quantitative biology — R2/PR10
Mayes, R., Dauer, J., & Owens, D. (2023) · doi:10.1017/qpb.2023.8.pr10
Impact of Computer Programming on Mathematics Education in K-12: Literature Review and PerspectivesPreprint
Amimour, A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3945909/v1
What Fusion Energy Can Learn From BiotechnologyPreprint
Lo, A. W., & Whyte, D. G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4779516
Викторович, Д. М. (2024) · Informatics and Education · doi:10.32517/0234-0453-2024-39-3-29-43
Approaching Convergence from an Undergraduate Engineering Perspective
Thompson, M. S., Applehans, S., Cheville, A., et al. (2024) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie61694.2024.10893391
“This is mirrors the challenges identified about evaluating faculty for convergent work, as well [13], [18].”
Interdisciplinarity and Explanation
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0007
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0013
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0005
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0009
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0008
Systems Biology: Impediments to Integration
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0012
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0001
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.002.0005
Fagan, M. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191998874.003.0004
Metadata
- Authors
- Sharp, P., & Hockfield, S.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sharp, Phil
- Hockfield, Susan
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2017-02-10
- Volume
- 355
- Issue
- 6325
- Pages
- 589-589
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2594673575
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 12.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Science, Research, and Medicine
- Keywords
- convergence, interdisciplinary research, physical sciences, information technology, medical breakthroughs, technological innovation, future of health
- MeSH terms
- Budgets, Health, Humans, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), United States, Treatment Outcome, Federal Government, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
