The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 4 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Optical skyrmion lattice in evanescent electromagnetic fields
Open accessAbstract
Generating a lattice of optical skyrmions: The topological properties of systems can be robust to defects and imperfections. Skyrmions are one such topological entity, which resemble “hedgehog-like” structures. Tsesses et al. controlled the interference of plasmon polaritons on a patterned metallic surface to generate a lattice of optical skyrmions. Such control could potentially optically mimic complex condensed matter systems or help in the development of robust optical communications and circuits. Science , this issue p. 993
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper predicts and experimentally observes an optical skyrmion lattice formed by interfering evanescent electromagnetic waves, specifically surface plasmon polaritons. It shows that the electric-field vector can form Néel-type or bubble-type skyrmions and that the topological invariant is robust to losses and imperfections.
Key findings
- An optical skyrmion lattice is theoretically described using six interfering TM guided waves, with each lattice site forming a Néel-type skyrmion and calculated skyrmion number \(S = 1\).
- The skyrmion domain walls can be tuned from bubble-type to Néel-type by changing the transverse wave vector; the skyrmion number density contrast converges to 0.5 for the Néel-type case.
- Experimentally, surface plasmon polaritons on an air–gold interface produce a plasmonic skyrmion lattice with measured skyrmion number \(S = 0.997 \pm 0.058\).
- Loss robustness is quantified: 49 unit cells can exhibit \(S > 0.99\) if the waves persist for roughly 400 periods before decaying; the experimental sample had 37 lattice sites.
Methods
- Theory: six equal-amplitude TM guided waves propagating in the transverse plane with transverse wave vectors of similar magnitude create three standing waves at 0°, 60°, and 120°; the axial electric field is expressed as a sum of three cosine functions, and the skyrmion number is computed from the normalized three-component electric field.
- Experiment: SPPs are excited at an air–gold interface using a hexagonally shaped coupling slit and 660 nm circularly polarized light; the sample consists of six gratings on a 200 nm Au layer on a 1 mm glass substrate, with grating periodicity corresponding to the plasmonic wavelength of 636 nm.
- Measurement: phase-resolved near-field optical microscopy (s-NSOM) with pseudo-heterodyne interferometric detection measures the axial electric field at 20 nm resolution; spatial Fourier filtering is used to remove noise before extracting transverse field components and skyrmion number.
Limitations
- Stated: losses distort the unit vector \(e = E/|E|\) and create an unwanted phase difference between components; in the small-loss regime the real part still yields a well-defined skyrmion lattice, but \(S\) deviates slightly from its quantized value due to weak breaking of lattice translation symmetry, increasingly for unit cells farther from the origin.
- Stated: the finite structure and unequal SPP amplitudes—caused by different propagation lengths of SPPs generated by two slit edges and propagation loss—distort the skyrmion lattice.
- Evident from the text: the experiment demonstrates a bubble-type lattice at the center of the sample, while the full tuning from bubble-type to Néel-type skyrmions is shown theoretically; TE-polarized magnetic-field skyrmions are proposed but not experimentally demonstrated.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
12 No basis given · 9 Own result · 5 Own interpretation · 4 Sources not found · 2 Own method
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once the electromagnetic waves gain evanescence in free-space, the skyrmion number jumps to the value of 1, independent of the change in the transverse wave vector.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this regime, the skyrmion number S deviates slightly from its quantized value at zero losses due to the weak breaking of the lattice translation symmetry, increasingly more so for unit cells which are farther away from the point of origin.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and hence does not hold for propagating waves (see Supplementary).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while illustrating their robustness to imperfections”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We have also explored, theoretically and experimentally, the robustness of the topological properties of the system to losses, finiteness and other imperfections.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A more thorough explanation as to why free-space electromagnetic waves do not exhibit skyrmions can be found in the Supplementary.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interference of the SPPs in the middle of the coupling slit creates a plasmonic skyrmion lattice with characteristics typical to bubbles, as portrayed in Fig. 5.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we discover and observe optical skyrmion lattices that can be easily created and controlled”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a configuration in which 49 sites exhibit 0.99 S is obtained if the electromagnetic waves creating it persist for roughly 400 periods before decayingan easily achieved goal in many photonic systems.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, they show that even guided modes with a relatively high amount of loss (decaying after 100 oscillations) can create skyrmion lattices.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fig. 5E depicts the extracted skyrmion number density at the center of the lattice, which resembles that of the bubble-type skyrmion lattice shown in the inset of Fig. 2 (point A).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For k slightly larger than 0 k , the skyrmions are spatially confined (density contrast close to 1), with clear domain walls separating between two specific field states, effectively creating bubble-type skyrmions (point A).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Optical skyrmions are experimentally demonstrated by interfering surface plasmon polaritons and are measured via phase-resolved near-field optical microscopy.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We discovered and experimentally demonstrated an optical skyrmion lattice through the interference of electromagnetic waves.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As k grows, the domain walls start to smear (point B), creating skyrmions with increasingly uniform skyrmion number density, converging to the Néel-type field formation shown in Fig. 1 (point C, density contrast of 0.5).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the specific system used here (inset Fig. 4), SPPs are excited at the interface of air and gold, resulting in both a small propagation decay and a transverse wave vector just slightly larger than the free-space wavenumber ( 0 1.038 0.003 k i k ).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calculating the skyrmion number in each lattice site, we reach the result 0.997 0.058 S , demonstrating the robustness of the optical skyrmions.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The measured skyrmion number of a single lattice site was 0.997 0.058 S , which, together with the figures, shows a good match to the theoretical prediction.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“Namely, for waves evanescently decaying in one dimension, all electric field components are entirely real (up to a global phase), allowing to define a real unit vector e= EE associated with the electric field and enabling a description of the field configuration as an optical skyrmion lattice.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The normalized three-dimensional electric field (Fig. 1D) confirms the formation of a skyrmion latticeeach lattice site exhibits the distinct features of a Néel-type skyrmion (21), with their calculated skyrmion number, using Eq. ( 1), being 1 S .”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in the regime of small losses, the configuration of the real part of the field still yields a well-defined skyrmion lattice, while being sufficiently larger than the imaginary part such that the latter is negligible (see full derivation in the Supplementary).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the real electric field is slightly distorted, as expected (Fig. 5A-C), it still shows similarity to the electric field configuration presented in Fig. 1.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is worth emphasizing that the optical skyrmions described in this work are in the frequency domain, i.e., formed in a physical field oscillating in time, as opposed to other skyrmions, which are field formations constant in time.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“SPPs only exist in TM polarization and the phase difference between SPPs propagating along different directions can be easily controlled (41).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Observation of optical skyrmions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This new definition is completely consistent with the prior description of optical skyrmions in the ideal case, which is determined by Eqs.(2,3) in a lossless medium.”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The field of optical skyrmions has so far remained untapped by experimental investigation.
“However, only recently has there been any experimental investigation of optical topological domain walls (38), while the field of optical skyrmions has so far remained untapped.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Discussion
“(B) Amplitude of the transverse (in-plane) electric field (Eq.4).”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Formation of optical skyrmion lattices
“Figure 1 depicts the electric field described by Eqs.(2,3)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Discussion
“The complex value of the axial electric field was measured with 20 nm resolution by the system described in Fig.3”
§ Optical skyrmions in evanescent electromagnetic fields > Discussion
“Fig. 4. Experimental setup and sample characterization.”
Citations
Cites
Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes
Allen, L., Beijersbergen, M. W., Spreeuw, R. J. C., & Woerdman, J. P. (1992) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.45.8185 · Cited by 10,455
Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications
Maier, S. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-37825-1 · Cited by 9,943
Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems
Kosterlitz, J. M., & Thouless, D. J. (1973) · Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics · doi:10.1088/0022-3719/6/7/010 · Cited by 9,639
Vortices in high-temperature superconductors
Blatter, G., Feigel’man, M. V., Geshkenbeǐn, V. B., Larkin, A. I., & Vinokur, V. M. (1994) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.66.1125 · Cited by 6,245
Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
Mühlbauer, S., Binz, B., Jonietz, F., Pfleiderer, C., Rosch, A., Neubauer, A., Georgii, R., & Böni, P. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1166767 · Cited by 4,794
Topology of cosmic domains and strings
Kibble, T. W. B. (1976) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/9/8/029 · Cited by 4,626
Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
Nagaosa, N., & Tokura, Y. (2013) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.243 · Cited by 4,076
Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal
Yu, X., Onose, Y., Kanazawa, N., Park, J. H., Han, J. H., Matsui, Y., Nagaosa, N., & Tokura, Y. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09124 · Cited by 3,453
Photonic Floquet topological insulators
Rechtsman, M. C., Zeuner, J. M., Plotnik, Y., Lumer, Y., Podolsky, D., Dreisow, F., Nolte, S., Segev, M., & Szameit, A. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12066 · Cited by 3,332
FERT, A., Cros, V., & Sampaio, J. (2013) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.29 · Cited by 3,210
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 515
Skyrmionic textures within SU(6) structured light
Saito, S. (2025) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02344-2 · Cited by 3
Jacob, B., Yogesh, N., Naik, P. U., Veluthandath, A. V., Guasoni, M., & Nithyanandan, K. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/78yk-6s64 · Cited by 3
Bright single‐photon skyrmion sources in bullseye cavities
Ma, J., Liu, S., Lu, C., Yu, Y., Chen, B., & Liu, J. (2025) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2025-0488 · Cited by 3
Scalable and programmable topological transitions in plasmonic Moiré superlattices
Tian, B., Zhang, X., Wu, R., Zhang, Y., Du, L., & Yuan, X. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68635-6 · Cited by 3
Nonequilibrium dynamics of magnetic hopfions driven by spin-orbit torque
Kasai, S., Okumura, S., & Motome, Y. (2026) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/v929-88l7 · Cited by 3
Optical skyrmions in Poisson spots
Yao, J., Xie, X., Meng, Y., Sun, S., Hu, J., Shen, Y., & Yang, Y. (2026) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.591840 · Cited by 3
Higher topological index spaces in polarization optics
Senthilkumaran, P., Umar, M., Chitriv, S., & Gangwar, K. (2026) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.596020 · Cited by 3
Optical Skyrmions and a Topological Hall Effect in Artificial Gauge Fields
Karnieli, A., Tsesses, S., Bartal, G., & Arie, A. (2020) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1364/cleo_qels.2020.fw4a.6 · Cited by 3
Self-citationIntegrated plasmonics nanocircuits
Huang, C., & Huang, J. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85379-8.00009-5 · Cited by 3
Yang, J., Wang, J., Fu, X., Pan, Y., Cui, T. J., & Zheng, X. (2024) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.011 · Cited by 3
Direct measurement of the real strength of near-field electric field
Fan, Y., Zhao, J., Yang, F., Xue, X., Wang, W., Zhou, J., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0226084 · Cited by 3
Sculpturing sound fields with the real-space structural topology of acoustic cavities
Tong, Q., & Wang, S. (2025) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/adac04 · Cited by 3
Liu, S., Wang, J., Wang, C., Gu, X., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2025.132166 · Cited by 3
Control of optical skyrmionic textures via the Pancharatnam-Berry phase
Liu, G., Shi, L., Liu, Y., Zeng, X., Wang, J., Fu, Z., Zhang, Y. T., Chen, H., & Wei, D. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/frvz-v9qq · Cited by 3
Geng, J., Rao, A. S., Sheng, Q., Kerridge‐Johns, W. R., & Omatsu, T. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.580351 · Cited by 3
Sub-wavelength spin excitations in ultracold gases created by stimulated Raman transitions
Ilin, Y., Tsesses, S., Bartal, G., & Sagi, Y. (2020) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/abb68a · Cited by 3
Self-citationZhang, R., Gu, M., Sun, R., Zeng, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Zhan, Z., Chen, C., Ren, X., et al. (2021) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2021-0567 · Cited by 3
Dynamic tailoring of an optical skyrmion lattice in surface plasmon polaritons: reply
Bai, C., Chen, J., Zhang, D., & Zhan, Q. (2020) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.411561 · Cited by 3
Spin texture and chiral coupling of circularly polarized dipole field
Shi, Y., & Kim, H. K. (2023) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2022-0581 · Cited by 3
Controllable plasmonic vortex sequence with on-chip discrete-slit-based metalens
Fu, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., He, Y., Min, C., & Yuan, X. (2023) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/acce5c · Cited by 3
Karakhanyan, V., Salut, R., Suárez, M. Á., Martin, N., & Grosjean, T. (2024) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01346 · Cited by 3
Zeng, Y., Yu, Y., Chen, J., Teng, H., Chen, M., Wu, P., & Zhan, Q. (2025) · Photonics Research · doi:10.1364/prj.550414 · Cited by 3
Observation of multitype topological textures in a subwavelength acoustic Mie resonator
Chen, W., Wu, H., Lv, J.-Y., Zheng, J.-Y., Zhang, W.-B., Zhou, N., & Sheng, Z. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.111.174302 · Cited by 3
Nasca patterning in the microworld
Smirnova, O. V. (2020) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-020-0687-9 · Cited by 3
Topological state transitions in electromagnetic topological defectsPreprint
Shi, P., Gou, X., Zhang, Q., & Yuan, X. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3169918/v1 · Cited by 3
Topological state and number transitions of optical skyrmions upon free-space beam propagation
Fan, X., Wu, X., Ren, K., Zhou, L., Guo, X., Wei, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Li, P., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02427-0 · Cited by 2
Theory of polar skyrmions in layered structures of ferroelectric perovskites
Sen, S., & Mandal, S. S. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/7ptr-2qp7 · Cited by 2
Skyrmions with multiple topological charges as orbital angular momentum encoders
Guan, S., Zou, X., & Duan, W. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2513454122 · Cited by 2
Generation and transformation of topological textures via spin-orbit interaction in bulk crystals
Wang, Q., Xie, X., Zeng, J., Chen, S., Shen, Y., Tu, C., & Xie, X. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/398v-xw4n · Cited by 2
Harmonic Plasmonic Skyrmions with Time‐Varying Manipulation
Chen, L., Li, X., Su, J. L., Gu, Z., Ning, Y. M., Yu, Z. C., Xiao, Q., Cai, Z. X., Ma, Q., Shen, Y., et al. (2026) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202501785 · Cited by 2
Manipulation of plasmonic skyrmions and merons by tuning linearly polarized light
Shi, X., An, X., Lang, P., Ji, B., Lin, F., Song, X., & Lin, J. (2026) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0304402 · Cited by 2
Optical meron-antimeron pairs in doubly degenerate plasmonic orbitals
Yang, J., Fu, X., Wang, J., Li, Y., Chen, J., Chen, J., Shi, F., Zhang, J., Qi, F., Han, Y., et al. (2026) · PhotoniX · doi:10.1186/s43074-025-00221-3 · Cited by 2
Non‐Hermitian Skyrmion for All‐In‐One Devices: Wireless Power Transfer, Sensing, and Communication
Jian, Y., Wang, Y., Li, H., Yang, Y., Liu, W., Chen, S., Chen, H., Duan, J., & Guo, Z. (2026) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202502662 · Cited by 2
Theory and Manipulation of Flexural Waves
Liu, F., Cao, L., Tang, X., Wang, Y., & Wang, Y.-S. (2026) · Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica · doi:10.1007/s10338-026-00720-1 · Cited by 2
Free‐Form Flexible Metasurfaces Robustly Generating Microwave Skyrmions
Fu, Y., Xie, R., Mata-Cervera, N., Xie, X., Wang, R., Zhou, X., Yang, H., & Shen, Y. (2026) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202518268 · Cited by 2
Skyrmionic Polarization Textures in Structured Dielectric Planar Media
Colandrea, F. D., Marrucci, L., & Cardano, F. (2026) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1002/nap2.70009 · Cited by 2
Remote engineering of particle-like topologies to visualise entanglement dynamics
Nothlawala, F., Sephton, B., Ornelas, P., Koni, M., Piccirillo, B., Feng, L., Nape, I. M., D’Ambrosio, V., & Forbes, A. (2026) · Light Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-026-02443-x · Cited by 2
He, J., Song, C., Li, W., FangWen, S. U. N., & Yuan, G. (2026) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202503051 · Cited by 2
Chiral Separation Induced by Chiral Optical Forces from Optical Bimeron
Xue, Y., Liu, F., Zeng, Y., Liu, Y.-J., Du, Q., Dai, H., & Yang, Y. (2026) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.5c02560 · Cited by 2
Nanophotonic chip-space interfaces for multidimensional nonlinear optics
Wei, D., Chen, B., Wan, S., Wang, Y., Ma, J., Wang, P., Chang, C., Qiu, G., Tan, Z., Huang, X., et al. (2026) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-026-02570-1 · Cited by 2
Wingenbach, J., Lebs, R., Ma, X., Wright, E. M., Kwong, N. H., Binder, R. H., Giessen, H. W., & Schumacher, S. (2026) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1002/nap2.70303 · Cited by 2
High-precision three-dimensional motion sensing with optical Stokes skyrmions
Lin, Q., Zhang, X., Sun, J., Hu, Y., Li, Z., Dai, S.-B., Zhu, W., & Fu, S. (2026) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.603202 · Cited by 2
Analysis of the Topology of a Plasmonic Target-Skyrmion Texture
Neuhaus, A., Dreher, P., Gessler, P., Frank, B., Davis, T. J., Giessen, H. W., Everschor‐Sitte, K., & zu Heringdorf, F. ‐. M. (2026) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01729 · Cited by 2
Tunable Subwavelength Optical Skyrmions Embedded in Bottle Beams via Metasurfaces
Cheng, K., Li, Y., Xie, Z., Wang, J., Liu, R., Liu, Y., & Li, Y. (2026) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.71635 · Cited by 2
Localization effects from local phase shifts in the modulation of waveguide arrays
Tschernig, K., Pérez-Leija, A., & Busch, K. (2023) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.477338 · Cited by 2
Generation and Talbot Effect of Optical Vortex Lattices with High Orbital Angular Momenta
Luo, H., Sang, S., Xiao, Z., Li, P., Wen, F., Gu, Y., & Wu, Z. (2023) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202300203 · Cited by 2
Tang, G., Bai, C., Tang, T., Peng, J., Zhuang, S., & Zhang, D. (2023) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics10111259 · Cited by 2
Bera, S. (2024) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/1361-648x/ad266f · Cited by 2
Active control of plasmon interference in nanohole dimers by free electrons
Huang, R. Y., Cao, L., Luo, W.-W., Wang, L., Wu, W., Ren, M., Cai, W., & Xu, J. (2024) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.110.235416 · Cited by 2
Broadband plasmonic vortex lattice generator based on a hexagonal metasurface
Qin, Y., Hu, H., Cheng, H., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Optical Materials Express · doi:10.1364/ome.552046 · Cited by 2
Generation, propagation, and self-healing properties of annular optical vortex lattices
Luo, H., Zhang, Y., Sang, S., Wang, Z., Li, P., Wen, F., Gu, Y., & Wu, Z. (2025) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2025.131860 · Cited by 2
An, X., Lang, P., Shi, X., Ji, B., Lin, F., Lin, Y., Xu, Y., Song, X., & Lin, J. (2025) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2025-0200 · Cited by 2
Ultrafast optical skyrmions generated via an achromatic Sagnac vortex generator
Guo, P., Gao, Y., Feng, Z., Xian, P., & Wang, S. (2025) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.578196 · Cited by 2
Experimental Observation of Topological Transition in Optical Multimeron
Lang, Y., Xu, Q., Huang, F., Yuan, X., Jiang, X., Zhang, X., Gu, J., Du, L., Yuan, X., Liu, C., et al. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202507528 · Cited by 2
Topological decomposition and transformation of photonic quasicrystals
Wang, H., Teng, H., Zhong, J., Lei, X., & Zhan, Q. (2025) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2025-0384 · Cited by 2
Acoustic spin skyrmion molecule lattices enabling stable transport and flexible manipulation
Liu, L., Zhang, X., Lu, M., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65611-4 · Cited by 2
Electrically reconfigurable extended lasing state in an organic liquid-crystal microcavity
Dovzhenko, D. S., Ricco, L. S., Sawicki, K., Muszyński, M., Kokhanchik, P., Kapuściński, P., Morawiak, P., Piecek, W., Nyga, P., Kula, P., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71733-0 · Cited by 2
Stokes and skyrmion tensors and their application to structured light
Barnett, S. M., Franke‐Arnold, S., & Speirits, F. C. (2026) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.590649 · Cited by 2
Geometry-Driven Lattice of Photonic Spin-Meron Tubes in Free Space
Hegde, A., Gupta, K., Dai, Y., & Huang, C. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/rsyn-vysg · Cited by 2
Emergent momentum-space topological pseudospin defects in non-Hermitian systems
Hu, Y. M. R., Ostrovskaya, E. A., Yakimenko, A. I., & Estrecho, E. (2026) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.591803 · Cited by 2
Optical skyrmions: A new topological state of light
Tsesses, S., Cohen, K. J., Ostrovsky, E., Gjonajl, B., Lindner, N. H., & Bartal, G. (2019) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.23919/cleo.2019.8749400 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSpatial modulation of free-electron wavepackets by shaping ultrafast plasmonic excitations
Tsesses, S., Dahan, R., Wang, K., Reinhardt, O., Bartal, G., & Kaminer, I. E. (2020) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1364/cleo_qels.2020.ftu3b.4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDemonstration of On-Chip Optical Skyrmionic Beam Generators
Lin, W., Ota, Y., Arakawa, Y., & Iwamoto, S. (2022) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2022.sm2n.4 · Cited by 2
Bezuidenhout, H., Peters, C., Kumar, R. N., Forbes, A., & Nape, I. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-77376-5 · Cited by 1
Simulation Study of Localized, Multi-Directional Continuous Dynamic Tailoring for Optical Skyrmions
Tang, G., Bai, C., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Z., & Zhang, D. (2024) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics11060499 · Cited by 1
Spintronic effects and devices in nonlinear optics
Bashan, G., Izhak, S., Yesharim, O., & Arie, A. (2025) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0241546 · Cited by 1
Coupling characteristics of optical skyrmions based on localized spoof plasmons (LSP)
Sun, X., Ni, S. L., Guo, L.-F., Zhi, T., Wang, J., Xue, J., Chen, L., Tao, T., & Tao, Z. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0249416 · Cited by 1
Sixty Years of Research on Polaritons: A Scientometric Review
Ruiz-Sánchez, R., Jorge, R. A., Jiménez-Andrade, J. L., Tagüeña-Martı́nez, J., Carrillo-Calvet, H., & Rubo, Y. G. (2025) · Engineering Reports · doi:10.1002/eng2.70045 · Cited by 1
Topological control of optical skyrmions for logic operations via vortex beam
Zhou, W., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/ade755 · Cited by 1
Symmetry-based topology optimization for skyrmion generation in symmetric infinitely long scatterers
Li, Y., Yang, J., Fu, X., Wang, J., Chen, Z., Vandenbosch, G. A. E., & Zheng, X. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.577051 · Cited by 1
Hyperentanglement in Nanophotonic Systems With Discrete Rotational Symmetry
Fridman, L., Kam, A., Sivan, A., Sayer, G., Lotan, S., & Bartal, G. (2026) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1002/nap2.70048 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMultiscale geometrical and topological learning in the analysis of soft matter collective dynamics
Orlova, T., Solis, A. M., Sohn, H. R. O., Madeleine, T., D'Alessandro, G., Smalyukh, I. I., Kaczmarek, M., & Brodzki, J. (2025) · Physical Review Materials · doi:10.1103/dht2-w1gz · Cited by 1
Ma, H., Liu, T., Sheng, J., Cao, K., Yang, J., & Wang, J. (2026) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0315549 · Cited by 1
Optical skyrmions in a fractional Fourier system
Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Wang, J., & Wang, L. (2025) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.582206 · Cited by 1
Programmable regulation of radial order of terahertz skyrmions
Wenyu, L. I., Huifang, M. A., ZHANG, H., Zhipeng, Y. A. N. G., Ruidan, Z. H. O. U., Lin, K. E., & ZHANG, Y. (2025) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.75.20251463 · Cited by 1
Optical skyrmionium of confined partially coherent beams with orbital angular momentum
Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Huo, N., Li, J., & Yin, X. (2025) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.584010 · Cited by 1
On-chip microwave oscillator in deep-subwavelength scale based on spoof plasmonic skyrmions
Wang, W. Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Gao, Z. L., Tang, X. S., & Cui, T. J. (2026) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwag028 · Cited by 1
Intrinsic Meron Spin Textures in Generic Focused Fields
Liu, D., Liu, H. M., & Xi, Z. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/t558-4gfd · Cited by 1
Transverse Spin Vortices and Skyrmions in the Electric Near-Field of Plasmonic Nanogaps
Pin, C., Chormaic, S. N., & Sasaki, K. (2026) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c05368 · Cited by 1
Dai, W., Dong, Y., Wei, T., Guan, X., Liu, Z., & Song, J. (2026) · npj Wireless Technology · doi:10.1038/s44459-025-00018-7 · Cited by 1
Wei, W., Shi, P., Xie, X., Li, S., Li, G., & Yuan, X.-C. (2026) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.5c03079 · Cited by 1
Reconfigurable Spoof Plasmonic Skyrmion Electronics for Deformation‐Invariant Multimode Sensing
Wang, Z., Kong, X., Huang, X., Tian, Y., Yao, W., Xiao, X., Li, Z., & Luo, Y. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.75071 · Cited by 1
Topological robustness and phase transitions of optical skyrmions determined by singularities
Xie, X., Li, S., Li, G., Shi, P., Shen, Y., & Yuan, X. (2026) · Photonics Research · doi:10.1364/prj.584983 · Cited by 1
Topologically structured light with knot theory
Zhong, J., Liu, S., Zhao, J., & Zhan, Q. (2025) · doi:10.70401/lma.2026.0010 · Cited by 1
Quantum Skyrmions in Mixed States of Light and Their Nested Topology
Kam, A., Roques‐Carmes, C., Tsesses, S., & Karnieli, A. (2026) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01382 · Cited by 1
Self-citationUnveiling Spin and Poynting Dual Textures of an Optical Skyrmionic Tube in Free Space
Wang, S., Zhou, Z., Zhu, Y., Sun, J., Mao, J., Wang, M., Song, S., Deng, Z., Cao, Y., Qin, F., et al. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/f6b5-kv4x · Cited by 1
Synthetic Spatiotemporal Plasmonic Vortices on Chip
Chen, Q., Zhang, S., Xian, G., Hu, H., Wu, X., Wu, X., Huang, J., Huang, C., Zhong, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/db9j-jc1k · Cited by 1
Free-Space Skyrmions Radiated from a Geometric Phase Aperture
Feng, P.-Y., 白本锋, Yang, J., Xie, X., Han, F., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Shen, Y., Qiu, C., & Sun, H. (2026) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.6c02725 · Cited by 1
High-peak-power Q-switched pulsed optical skyrmions
Gao, Y., Guo, P., Feng, Z., Xian, P., & Wang, S. J. (2026) · Laser Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/1612-202x/ae704c · Cited by 1
Fractional skyrmions by fractional orbital angular momentum
Cao, Y., Kumar, R. N., Bezuidenhout, H., Cheng, M., Guo, L., & Forbes, A. (2026) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/qtyb-ymg5 · Cited by 1
Evolution of partially coherent Stokes skyrmions in free space
Chen, Y., Deng, F., Wu, B., Wu, R., Liu, H., & Hong, W. (2026) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.600717 · Cited by 1
Knotted optical fields: From phase singularities to coherence singularities
Liang, C., Zhou, A., Xu, D., Zhou, Y., Zeng, J., & Cai, Y. (2026) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0320559 · Cited by 1
Quasicrystal Topological Hydrodynamics
Anonymous, Hu, C., Ning, J., Chai, X.-J., Wang, L.-W., Dong, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, S., Chen, H., Jiang, J., et al. (2026) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/rfgr-n77g · Cited by 1
Invariance Properties and Measurement of Correlation Between Two Propagating or Evanescent Waves
Dong, Z., Saastamoinen, K., Norrman, A., Chen, Y., Friberg, A. T., & Setälä, T. (2026) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.71688 · Cited by 1
Transverse spin texture in optical non-Hermitian skin modes
Anonymous, Takeda, I., Yoda, T., Moritake, Y., Notomi, M., & Ashihara, S. (2026) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/64mw-c3ch · Cited by 1
Orbital angular momentum multiplication in plasmonic vortex cavities
Spektor, G., Prinz, E., Hartelt, M., Mahro, A.-K., Aeschlimann, M., & Orenstein, M. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg5571 · Cited by 1
Douçot, B., Moessner, R., & Kovrizhin, D. L. (2022) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/1361-648x/ac9443 · Cited by 1
Optical skyrmions: a new topological state of light
Tsesses, S., Cohen, K. J., Ostrovsky, E., Gjonaj, B., Lindner, N. H., & Bartal, G. (2019) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1364/cleo_qels.2019.ftu3d.5 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCarretero, L., Acebal, P., & Blaya, S. (2022) · Electromagnetic waves · doi:10.2528/pier22071603 · Cited by 1
Spatial mode analysis of optical beams carrying monstar disclinations
Vicuña-Hernández, V., Cardano, F., Darvehi, P., Marrucci, L., Rubano, A., & Piccirillo, B. (2023) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/acbce3 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Tsesses, S., Ostrovsky, E., Cohen, K., Gjonaj, B., Lindner, N. H., & Bartal, G.
- Affiliations
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Albanian University (AL)
- Corresponding author
- Bartal, G.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-09-07
- Volume
- 361
- Issue
- 6406
- Pages
- 993-996
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2884207325
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 129 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 9.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- H2020 European Research Council (639172)
- “Circle of Light,” Israeli Centers for Research Excellence (Israel Science Foundation (ISF) (1802/12))
- "Circle of Light", Israeli Centers of Research Excellence (Israel Science Foundation (ISF) (1802/12))
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Keywords
- surface plasmon polaritons, topological defects, Néel skyrmions, topological domain walls, photonic systems, optical information processing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
