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U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
Open accessAbstract
Two timelines for extinction: The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction that wiped out the nonavian dinosaurs 66 million years ago was correlated with two extreme events: The Chicxulub impact occurred at roughly the same time that massive amounts of lava were erupting from the Deccan Traps (see the Perspective by Burgess). Sprain et al. used argon-argon dating of the volcanic ash from the Deccan Traps to argue that a steady eruption of the flood basalts mostly occurred after the Chicxulub impact. Schoene et al. used uranium-lead dating of zircons from ash beds and concluded that four large magmatic pulses occurred during the flood basalt eruption, the first of which preceded the Chicxulub impact. Whatever the correct ordering of events, better constraints on the timing and rates of the eruption will help elucidate how volcanic gas influenced climate. Science , this issue p. 866 , p. 862 ; see also p. 815
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TL;DR
U-Pb zircon geochronology shows the Deccan Traps erupted in four high-volume pulses, each ≤100 kyr, separated by quiescence, with the Poladpur pulse beginning tens of kyr before the K-Pg extinction and Chicxulub impact. The results support extinction models incorporating both Deccan volcanism and the bolide impact as drivers of end-Cretaceous environmental deterioration.
Key findings
- The Deccan Traps erupted in four high-volume events, each lasting ≤100 kyr: first, lowermost seven formations at ~66.3–66.15 Ma; second, Poladpur Fm at ~66.1–66.0 Ma; third, Ambenali Fm at ~65.9–65.8 Ma; fourth, uppermost Mahabaleshwar Fm (text states ~65.6–66.5 Ma, apparently inverted).
- MCMC outputs give a ~90% probability that the Poladpur Fm eruption pulse began tens of kyr before the K-Pg mass extinction; the K-Pg boundary is estimated at 66.016 ± 0.050 Ma (95% C.I., internal uncertainties only).
- Eruption rates: global volcanic flux is 3–4 km³/yr; Deccan events imply an average doubling of global volcanic activity for ≤100 kyr, with periods >5–10× the global average. U-Pb geochronology permits rates >1000 km³/yr, requiring hiatuses of 100s–1000s of years within resolved pulses.
- Proxy correlation: initial warming at ~66.3 Ma and carbonate dissolution occurred during the first Deccan pulse; cooling began before and continued through Poladpur initiation; a second Os isotope downturn synchronous with Poladpur is also consistent with increased weathering of a more extensive Deccan basalt pile.
Methods
- U-Pb zircon geochronology by ID-TIMS on 141 sampled redboles and coarse-grained basalts; 23 redboles and one basalt yielded sufficient zircon (≥5 crystals), giving 24 dated horizons. Twenty-one horizons came from five Western Ghats sections covering the upper four Deccan formations; three spanned the lower five formations.
- Bayesian statistics and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo model imposed stratigraphic superposition on U-Pb zircon dates to build a composite age model, then converted outputs into probabilistic volumetric eruption rates using the Richards et al. volume model.
- Results were compared with a published U-Pb K-Pg boundary date and with benthic foraminifera δ¹⁸O and marine carbonate Os isotope proxy records.
Limitations
- Stated: the adopted volume model carries nontrivial uncertainties; the mass and age of submerged, inaccessible Deccan basalt off India’s western shore are unconstrained and considered intractable, so all eruption rates are likely minimum estimates, and it cannot be assessed whether the offshore component erupted during the same intervals.
- Stated: comparison with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology is not currently possible at the necessary precision because of systematic bias between dating methods; refined age accuracy depends on proper stratigraphic placement, independent of exact stratigraphic heights.
- Evident from the text: the fourth pulse age range as printed (~65.6–66.5 Ma) is internally inconsistent with the preceding Ambenali pulse, and some figure/reference text in the provided version is garbled.
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“The Deccan Traps erupted as four major pulses spanning the K-Pg mass extinction.”
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > Abstract
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“Our model places the second pulse of Deccan volcanism (Poladpur Fm, 66.1-66.0Ma) as slightly predating a published U-Pb zircon date for the K-Pg boundary (KPB), defined as the Ir-anomaly and associated fallout from the Chicxulub impact, within the Denver Basin, Colorado (25).”
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 5
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“and the fourth and final to the uppermost Mahabaleshwar Fm, from ~65.6-66.5 Ma.”
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 5
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“The result is a deposition age estimate for each dated horizon, incorporating dates from all beds above and below each sample to produce an internally consistent age model (Fig. 1).”
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 5
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“Post-extinction and post-Chicxulub benthic foraminifera d 18 O and carbonate Os isotopic records do not covary with the Deccan eruption record.”
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 3.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Deccan Traps, in present-day west-central India (7), formed from a series of short (∼100-ky) intermittent eruption pulses (8), with two main phases (8, 9) at ∼67.4 Ma (toward the end of the Cretaceous) and ∼66.1 Ma (starting just before the boundary and continuing through the earliest Paleogene) erupting an estimated >106 km3 of magma over a duration of ∼710,000 y (9, 10).”
From Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Most authors have argued for global average temperature excursions of ±2 °C in relation to these pulses (7, 8) (although see ref. 9 for a contrasting view on such correlations).”
From Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Eddy et al. (2020) dated zircons by U-Pb that were extracted from seven Malwa Plateau red bole horizons (saprolite layers between lava flows) based on the same approach and methodology as used in the Western Ghats by Schoene et al. (2019).”
From Geochronological Constraints on the Evolution and Petrogenesis of the Malwa Plateau Subprovince of the Deccan Traps (2023) · cites this paper as Schoene et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Chemical and radioisotopic age data from this study do not directly bear on the pulsed versus quasi-continuous eruptive tempo of the LIP as a whole, but do negate the validity of correlating Malwa Plateau eruptions to Pulse 1 of the Schoene et al. (2019) interpretation for the Western Ghats.”
From Geochronological Constraints on the Evolution and Petrogenesis of the Malwa Plateau Subprovince of the Deccan Traps (2023) · cites this paper as Schoene et al. (2019)
In the citing paper
“Eddy et al. (2020) followed the approach of Schoene et al. (2019) and applied the U-Pb technique to zircons from red boles in MP sequences, using the Khadri (2003) formational nomenclature, and linked MP lavas to Pulse 1 of the four-pulse scenario inferred by Schoene et al. (2019).”
From Geochronological Constraints on the Evolution and Petrogenesis of the Malwa Plateau Subprovince of the Deccan Traps (2023) · cites this paper as Schoene et al. (2019)
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In the paper
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 5
“the first event corresponded to the eruption of the lowermost seven formations from ~66.3-66.15Ma”
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 5
“the Deccan Traps erupted in four high-volume events, lasting ≤100 kyr each, separated by periods of relative volcanic quiescence.”
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In the paper
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 5
“the fourth and final to the uppermost Mahabaleshwar Fm, from ~65.6-66.5 Ma.”
§ U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction > 5
“the Deccan Traps erupted in four high-volume events, lasting ≤100 kyr each, separated by periods of relative volcanic quiescence.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schoene, B., Eddy, M. P., Samperton, K. M., Keller, C. B., Keller, G., Adatte, T., & Khadri, S. F. R.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- Berkeley Geochronology Center (US)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Schoene, Blair
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2019-02-22
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 6429
- Pages
- 862-866
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2915414273
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 34
- FWCI
- 41.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NSF Office of the Director (EAR-1454430)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- Deccan Traps, continental flood basalts, end-Cretaceous mass extinction, Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, Chicxulub impact, eruption rate, zircon U-Pb geochronology, Cretaceous-Paleogene transition
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