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Cited by 58Vibrio bacteria research studiesAquaculture disease management and microbiotaEnterobacteriaceae and Cronobacter Research

Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Long-Term Survival of the Eel Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 2 (Serovar E)

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Marco-Noales, Ester, Biosca, Elena G., Amaro, Carmen·1999·Applied and Environmental Microbiology
DOI 10.1128/aem.65.3.1117-1126.1999PMC PMC91152
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Abstract

Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar E) is a primary eel pathogen. In this study, we performed long-term survival experiments to investigate whether the aquatic ecosystem can be a reservoir for this bacterium. We have used microcosms containing water of different salinities (ranging from 0.3 to 3.8%) maintained at three temperatures (12, 25, and 30°C). Temperature and salinity significantly affected long-term survival: (i) the optimal salinity for survival was 1.5%; (ii) lower salinities reduced survival, although they were nonlethal; and (ii) the optimal temperature for survival was dependent on the salinity (25°C for microcosms at 0.3 and 0.5% and 12°C for microcosms at 1.5 to 3.8%). In the absence of salts, culturability dropped to zero in a few days, without evidence of cellular lysis. Under optimal conditions of salinity and temperature, the bacterium was able to survive in the free-living form for at least 3 years. The presence of a capsule on the bacterial cell seemed to confer an advantage, since the long-term survival rate of opaque variants was significantly higher than that of translucent ones. Long-term-starved cells maintained their infectivity for eels (as determined by both intraperitoneal and immersion challenges) and mice. Examination under the microscope showed that (i) the capsule was maintained, (ii) the cell size decreased, (iii) the rod shape changed to coccuslike along the time of starvation, and (iv) membrane vesicles and extracellular material were occasionally produced. In conclusion, V. vulnificus biotype 2 follows a survival strategy similar to that of biotype 1 of this species in response to starvation conditions in water. Moreover, the aquatic ecosystem is one of its reservoirs.

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  • V. vulnificus can survive under nutrient starvation in seawater for years without losing its pathogenic potential for animals and humans.

    “Previous studies have demonstrated that V. vulnificus can survive under nutrient starvation in seawater for years without losing its pathogenic potential for animals and humans (Marco-Noales, Biosca, & Amaro, 1999).”

    From <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>in aquariums is a novel threat to marine mammals and public health (2018) · cites this paper as Marco-Noales, Biosca, & Amaro, 1999

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. [7]7. Biosca, E. G. 1994. Ph.D. thesis. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
  2. [14]14. Colwell, R. R., I. T. Knight, C. Somerville, S. Shults, and C. W. Kaspar. 1989. Viable but nonculturable phenomenon in relationship to starvation/survival, 'injury', and strategies for survival of bacteria in the environment, p. 85-88. In T. Hattori, Y. Ishida, Y. Maruyama, R. Y. Morita, and A. Uchida (ed.), Recent advances in microbial ecology. Proceeding of the 5th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Japan Scientific Societies, Kyoto, Japan.
  3. [24]24. Kjelleberg, S., J. O ¨ stling, L. Holmquist, K. Fla ¨rdh, B. Svenblad, A. JouperJaan, D. Weichart, and N. Albertson. 1993. Starvation and recovery of Vibrio , p. 169-174. In R. Guerrero and C. Pedro ´s-Alio ´ (ed.), Trends in microbial ecology. Spanish Society for Microbiology, Barcelona, Spain.
  4. [27]27. Marco-Noales, E., E. G. Biosca, and C. Amaro. 1995. Long-term survival of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 at different salinities, p. 75. In Abstracts of the 7th International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. European Association of Fish Pathologists, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
  5. [30]30. Morita, R. Y. 1985. Starvation and miniaturisation of heterotrophs, with special emphasis on maintenance of the starved viable state, p. 111-130. In M. M. Fletcher and G. D. Floodgate (ed.), Bacteria in their natural environment. Academic Press, Inc., London, United Kingdom.
  6. [42]42. O ¨ stling, J., L. Holmquist, K. Fla ¨rdh, B. Svenblad, A. Jouper-Jaan, and S. Kjelleberg. 1993. Starvation and recovery of Vibrio , p. 103-127. In S. Kjelleberg (ed.), Starvation in bacteria. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.

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Authors
Marco-Noales, E., Biosca, E. G., & Amaro, C.
Affiliations
  • <!--label omitted: 1-->Departamento de Microbiologı́a, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
  • Universitat de València (ES)
ORCID
Venue
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Published
1999-03
Volume
65
Issue
3
Pages
1117-1126
ISSN
  • 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-5336
DOI
10.1128/aem.65.3.1117-1126.1999
PMC
PMC91152
OpenAlex
W2131613080
Cited by
58
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI
1.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Vibrio bacteria research studies
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Enterobacteriaceae and Cronobacter Research
Keywords
serovar E, long-term survival, salinity, temperature, bacterial survival in water, bacterial capsule, starvation, infectivity, water reservoirs, microcosm, cell morphology
MeSH terms
Animals, Culture Media, Eels, Microscopy, Electron, Seawater, Sodium Chloride, Temperature, Time Factors, Vibrio, Vibrio Infections, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Colony Count, Microbial, Bacterial Capsules, Ecosystem, Mice

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